Commit Graph

1472338 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
687b2729ce selftests/bpf: Test btf lookup helper sleepability
Add an expected failure case which calls
bpf_btf_find_by_name_kind() from a BPF timer callback. Without the
helper prototype being marked sleepable, the verifier accepts the
program and the load unexpectedly succeeds.

Also add a positive control which calls the helper directly from a
syscall program. This verifies that marking the helper sleepable only
rejects it in non-sleepable regions.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903214758.2727663-5-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 19:22:52 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
620614bf76 bpf: Mark bpf_btf_find_by_name_kind() as sleepable
When bpf_btf_find_by_name_kind() finds a type in module BTF, it
returns a new BTF object fd through __btf_new_fd(). This reaches
anon_inode_getfd(), which can sleep while allocating or expanding the
current task fd table.

The helper prototype does not set might_sleep, so the verifier allows
the helper in non-sleepable contexts such as BPF timer callbacks. The
fd allocation can then sleep in softirq context and install the fd into
the interrupted task.

Mark the helper as sleepable. This preserves calls from the main body
of a sleepable syscall program while rejecting calls from its
non-sleepable regions.

Fixes: 3d78417b60 ("bpf: Add bpf_btf_find_by_name_kind() helper.")
Reported-by: Sashiko <sashiko-bot@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260903155150.D57251F000E9@smtp.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903214758.2727663-4-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 19:22:52 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
22ab49afe1 selftests/bpf: Check rbtree callback restrictions in subprogs
Add a verifier failure case where an rbtree comparator enters two nested
static subprograms and the innermost subprogram unlocks and relocks the
tree. Restoring the lock keeps the surrounding callback state balanced,
so the test specifically exercises whether the callback restriction follows
the nested calls.

Also add a load-only positive control whose comparator calls a harmless
static subprogram. This preserves the intended support for verified static
subprogram calls while holding the tree lock.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903214758.2727663-3-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 19:22:52 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
369f4ce734 bpf: Check ancestor frames for rbtree callbacks
bpf_rbtree_add() invokes its comparator while the caller holds the root
lock. The native insertion code retains raw parent and link pointers across
the callback, so the verifier prohibits unlocking, consuming tree nodes,
or changing RCU state from that callback.

in_rbtree_lock_required_cb() only checks the innermost verifier frame.
Static subprogram calls are permitted while holding a spin lock, and such a
call pushes a frame without in_callback_fn set. Consequently, all callback
restrictions disappear in the nested frame. The subprogram can unlock the
tree, remove and drop the node being compared, then relock. Native insertion
resumes with the stale parent pointer and links freed memory into the tree.

Walk all active frames for the rbtree callback instead. Benign static
subprograms remain permitted, while callback restrictions follow execution
into nested frames.

Fixes: a44b1334aa ("bpf: Allow calling static subprogs while holding a bpf_spin_lock")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903214758.2727663-2-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 19:22:52 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
65b1518c99 selftests/bpf: bpf_fastcall patterns entered by a jump
Check bpf_fastcall pattern detection when the pattern is entered at an
instruction other than the first spill:
- a jump to the first spill allows the rewrite;
- conditional/unconditional a jump to the call or to the fill does not
  allow the rewrite.

Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903205820.1743087-2-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 18:55:40 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
0b1c83dc3c bpf: don't rewrite bpf_fastcall patterns entered by a jump
mark_fastcall_pattern_for_call() must ensure that matched
"spill; call; fill" instruction series is not interrupted by a jump.
Otherwise the rewrite applied by bpf_remove_fastcall_spills_fills()
is not sound.

Record the instructions targeted by jumps in
insn_aux_data[*].jump_target when the CFG is built and use this flag
to stop growing a pattern at such an instruction. Jumps to the first
spill are fine.

Note that existing insn_aux_data[*].jmp_point field can't be reused,
as it marks subprogram return instructions.

Fixes: 5b5f51bff1 ("bpf: no_caller_saved_registers attribute for helper calls")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903205820.1743087-1-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 18:55:40 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
54ed919503 selftests/bpf: check zero extension of an arena 32-bit cmpxchg
Add a test to verify that destination register of a 32-bit cmpxchg
operating on an arena pointer is explicitly zero extended.
W/o patch #1 this did not happen.

Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903171542.1438050-3-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 18:54:45 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
1f3cd9719c bpf: update disasm.c to print BPF_PROBE_ATOMIC as atomics
bpf_convert_ctx_accesses() rewrites an atomic on an arena pointer from
BPF_STX | BPF_ATOMIC to BPF_STX | BPF_PROBE_ATOMIC, this patch adjusts
print_bpf_insn() to print such instructions as regular atomics with a
'probe_' prefix (instead of printing them as BUG_XX).

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903171542.1438050-2-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 18:54:45 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
4814ed6406 bpf: zero extend the result of an arena 32-bit cmpxchg
bpf_convert_ctx_accesses() rewrites an atomic on an arena pointer from
BPF_STX | BPF_ATOMIC to BPF_STX | BPF_PROBE_ATOMIC, and it runs before
bpf_opt_subreg_zext_lo32_rnd_hi32().

That pass emits an explicit zero extension for a 32-bit cmpxchg even
when bpf_jit_needs_zext() is false. This is done because on some
architectures 32-bit cmpxchg requires explicit zero extension for the
dst register. E.g. on x86-64 'lock cmpxchg' does not change the %eax
if comparison is successful, while BPF semantics declare that each
operation on a 32-bit register zero extends it's upper half.

is_cmpxchg_insn() matches BPF_MODE == BPF_ATOMIC only, so an arena
cmpxchg misses said zero extension adjustment. This patch adjusts
is_cmpxchg_insn() to match BPF_PROBE_ATOMIC alongside BPF_ATOMIC.

Fixes: d503a04f8b ("bpf: Add support for certain atomics in bpf_arena to x86 JIT")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903171542.1438050-1-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 18:54:45 -07:00
Alexei Starovoitov
e044668419 Merge branch 'misc-bug-fixes-part-1'
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi says:

====================
Misc bug fixes - part 1

A set of miscellaneous fixes for bugs reported by Nicholas. These are
easy ones and should not require any major discussion, hence batched
together. See commit logs and selftests for details.
====================

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260903144433.1716731-1-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:59 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
26a3a510cd selftests/bpf: Check syscall helpers in timer callbacks
A BPF_PROG_TYPE_SYSCALL program is sleepable, but its bpf_timer callbacks
run in a non-sleepable hrtimer softirq context.

Add verifier cases that call bpf_sys_bpf() and bpf_sys_close() from timer
callbacks. Without the syscall helper prototype annotations these programs
load, so their failure expectations expose the bug.

Also add successful controls that call each helper from the syscall program
main body, ensuring that the intended sleepable use remains accepted.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-11-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:56 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
d055247942 bpf: Mark syscall helpers as sleepable
bpf_sys_bpf() executes the bpf(2) syscall body, which can take mutexes,
allocate with GFP_KERNEL, and wait for an RCU grace period.
bpf_sys_close() reaches close_fd() and filp_close(), which can sleep as
well.

Both helpers are limited to BPF_PROG_TYPE_SYSCALL, whose main program is
sleepable. That does not make every callback sleepable: a syscall program
can register a bpf_timer callback, and the verifier checks that callback
in a non-sleepable context while retaining the syscall helper set.

Without .might_sleep on the prototypes, such a callback can invoke
bpf_sys_bpf() from hrtimer softirq context and trigger a
scheduling-while-atomic failure. bpf_sys_close() is exposed through the
same missing context check.

Set .might_sleep on both prototypes so the existing helper-context check
rejects them from timer callbacks and other atomic regions. Calls from the
sleepable main body remain valid.

Fixes: 79a7f8bdb1 ("bpf: Introduce bpf_sys_bpf() helper and program type.")
Fixes: 3abea08924 ("bpf: Add bpf_sys_close() helper.")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-10-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:55 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
c1992ba73b selftests/bpf: Test sched_process_wait nullable argument
Add a load-time verifier test that dereferences argument 0 of the
sched_process_wait tp_btf program without checking it. The test expects the
nullable-pointer diagnostic, so it is accepted unexpectedly before the fix
and rejected as expected after it.

Add a successful control that checks the argument for NULL before the
dereference. This ensures the nullable marking preserves legitimate access
to the pid when the tracepoint supplies one.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-9-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:54 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
a453d6e3b8 bpf: Mark sched_process_wait argument as nullable
do_wait() passes wo->wo_pid to the sched_process_wait tracepoint.
kernel_wait4() leaves wo_pid NULL for wait4(-1), and
kernel_waitid_prepare() does likewise for waitid(P_ALL).

btf_ctx_access() currently types argument 0 as PTR_TO_BTF_ID |
PTR_TRUSTED. Without PTR_MAYBE_NULL, the verifier accepts an unchecked
dereference. Trusted pointer loads have no fault protection, so a wait for
any child can then cause a NULL pointer dereference in JITed BPF code.

Add sched_process_wait to raw_tp_null_args[] with argument 0 marked
nullable. The verifier rejects an unchecked dereference while preserving
access after the program checks the pointer for NULL.

Fixes: 838a10bd2e ("bpf: Augment raw_tp arguments with PTR_MAYBE_NULL")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-8-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:54 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
08b4dc83d9 selftests/bpf: Reject resilient unlock in rbtree callback
Add a load-only verifier regression for a resilient lock operation in an
rbtree comparison callback. The program holds the rbtree's regular spin
lock and a separate resilient lock, then releases the resilient lock from
the callback. This isolates the missing kfunc policy check without running
a concurrent tree mutation.

Release the resilient lock before the regular lock on the outer
fall-through. The broken verifier therefore accepts the balanced program,
while the fixed verifier rejects the resilient unlock specifically while
verifying the callback.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-7-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:53 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
7b7b8b5960 bpf: Reject resilient lock operations in rbtree callbacks
__bpf_rbtree_add() keeps parent and link pointers live across calls to the
program-supplied comparison callback. The verifier therefore requires the
root's lock to remain held throughout the callback.

The helper path enforces this rule for bpf_spin_lock() and
bpf_spin_unlock(), but the resilient lock kfunc argument path does not.
Since resilient locks may protect BPF rbtree roots, a callback can release
the root lock and let another CPU remove and free the node referenced by
the in-progress tree walk. The walk then resumes using freed pointers.

Reject resilient lock kfuncs in an rbtree comparison callback, matching
the existing policy for the spin lock helpers. Resilient-lock-protected
trees remain valid when their comparison callbacks leave lock state alone.

Fixes: 0de2046137 ("bpf: Implement verifier support for rqspinlock")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-6-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:52 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
d9ae3e4c7f selftests/bpf: Test direct tail calls from callbacks
tailcall_callback tests a tail call one static subprogram below a callback.
That reaches the later stack-depth rejection, but it does not exercise the
tail-call helper while the current frame is itself a callback.

Add a callback that calls bpf_tail_call directly and expect the existing
"cannot tail call within callback" diagnostic. On an affected kernel, the
load instead reaches the "callback unexpected regs" verifier bug, so the
expected message is absent and the test fails. The existing ordinary
subprogram case remains a success control for legitimate tail calls.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-5-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:51 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
266aa4ad0b bpf: Reject tail calls directly from callback frames
A tail call from a non-zero frame is modeled as a return from that frame.
The verifier makes R0 unknown and calls prepare_func_exit() for the taken
branch.

When the current frame is a synchronous callback, prepare_func_exit()
enforces the callback return-value contract and marks R0 precise. Since the
tail-call path synthesized R0 rather than deriving it from an instruction,
precision backtracking reaches the callback-calling instruction with R0
still requested and triggers the "callback unexpected regs" verifier bug.
A CAP_BPF task can therefore cause a WARN and an -EFAULT BPF_PROG_LOAD.

Tail calls reachable from callbacks are already rejected later by
check_max_stack_depth(). Reject a tail call made directly by a callback
before constructing the inconsistent return state, using the existing
diagnostic. Tail calls from ordinary subprograms keep their current
behavior.

Fixes: e3245f8990 ("bpf: properly verify tail call behavior")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-4-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:50 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
d7719a1736 selftests/bpf: Cover signal tracepoint siginfo sentinels
Add load-only verifier coverage for the signal_generate and
signal_deliver info arguments. The signal_generate case performs a NULL
check before dereferencing info, ensuring that merely making it nullable
cannot satisfy the test when the nonzero SEND_SIG_PRIV sentinel is used.

Both programs load successfully without the verifier fix, contrary to
their expected-failure annotations. With the fix, info is a scalar and
the attempted dereferences are rejected.

Also add success cases showing that plain raw tracepoint and tp_btf
programs can continue to read and compare the context word as a scalar.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-3-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:50 -07:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
77515ab12e bpf: Mark signal tracepoint siginfo arguments as scalar
The signal_generate and signal_deliver tracepoints declare their info
argument as a struct kernel_siginfo pointer. btf_ctx_access() therefore
treats it as a trusted pointer for tp_btf programs.

Signal delivery also uses SEND_SIG_NOINFO and SEND_SIG_PRIV as special
values for this argument. Those values are zero and one respectively,
and are not pointers. A tp_btf program can currently dereference either
value and fault the kernel. In particular, signal_generate can run from
timer interrupt context, turning the fault into a kernel panic.

Record both tracepoints in raw_tp_null_args[] and mark argument one as
a non-pointer. This preserves scalar access to the cookie while rejecting
direct and helper-mediated pointer use. Merely marking it nullable would
not suffice because SEND_SIG_PRIV is nonzero.

Fixes: 838a10bd2e ("bpf: Augment raw_tp arguments with PTR_MAYBE_NULL")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260903144433.1716731-2-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:44:48 -07:00
Alexei Starovoitov
1329a7aa33 Merge branch 'bpf-fix-null-ptr-derefs-when-showing-a-void-btf-type'
Jiayuan Chen says:

====================
bpf: Fix NULL-ptr-derefs when showing a void BTF type

This series fixes three NULL-ptr-derefs in BTF handling.

Patch 1 handles the syzbot report. A key-less BTF (btf_key_type_id == 0) used
to be rejected for hash maps, until htab and rhtab gained a ->map_check_btf
(to register a dtor) that does not look at the key, so a key-less hash map is
now accepted. Dumping it through bpffs feeds the key type_id 0 into
btf_type_seq_show() and NULL-derefs in btf_type_show(). Reject it again.

Patches 2 and 3 fix two related, pre-existing crashes reachable via
bpf_snprintf_btf(), which renders a type_id taken straight from the BPF
program against the vmlinux BTF. A "const void" (a modifier resolving to
void) NULL-derefs in btf_modifier_show() - void has no ->show op; a
BTF_KIND_VAR NULL-derefs in btf_var_show() - the vmlinux base BTF has no
resolved_ids. Patch 2 falls back to btf_df_show(), the "<unsupported kind:N>"
placeholder already used for FWD/FUNC/FLOAT/DECL_TAG; patch 3 resolves the
var's type directly, mirroring the existing guard in btf_modifier_show().

Patches 4 and 5 add selftests. Patch 4 checks a key-less hash and rhash map is
rejected at creation. Patch 5 extends the snprintf_btf test to render a
"const void" and a BTF_KIND_VAR from the vmlinux BTF and checks they resolve
without crashing.

v3 -> v4: Drop the pin-and-read reproducer from the key-less map test, fold
the void/VAR test into the existing snprintf_btf test, and simplify patch 2's
wording (review comments).

v2 -> v3: Fold in a third fix for the same class of bug, btf_var_show(),
reported while reviewing v2. Address review comments (Fixes attribution,
verbatim syzbot trace, skip instead of fail).

v1 -> v2: AI reported a pre-exist issue. Let's fold it in this series.

v3: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260831110314.150870-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260830073242.148092-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260828093142.179856-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev/
====================

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260901104924.346187-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:53 -07:00
Jiayuan Chen
1ae6aa6195 selftests/bpf: Add test for showing a void BTF type
Extend the snprintf_btf test with type_ids from the vmlinux BTF that
used to NULL-deref in the BTF show path: a "const void", checked to
render the "<unsupported kind:0>" placeholder, and a BTF_KIND_VAR,
checked to resolve and render without error.

The program renders from its own buffer and the test picks a VAR whose
resolved type fits it, so the render stays in bounds.

Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260901104924.346187-6-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:52 -07:00
Jiayuan Chen
6265b44f2c selftests/bpf: Add test for key-less BTF hash map
Create a hash and an rhash map with btf_key_type_id == 0 and expect
bpf_map_create() to fail with -EINVAL; a positive control with a real
key type confirms the rejection is about the key-less BTF and not some
unrelated failure.

Such a map used to be accepted and then NULL-deref in btf_type_show()
when dumped through bpffs.

Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260901104924.346187-5-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:52 -07:00
Jiayuan Chen
5403a383f5 bpf: Fix NULL-ptr-deref in btf_var_show()
btf_var_show() calls btf_type_id_resolve() unconditionally, which
dereferences btf->resolved_ids. That is NULL for a base BTF - e.g. the
vmlinux BTF that bpf_snprintf_btf() renders against - since base BTF is
not resolved during parsing. btf_modifier_show() guards this with
'if (btf->resolved_ids)', but btf_var_show() does not.

A BPF program that passes the type_id of a BTF_KIND_VAR from the vmlinux
BTF to bpf_snprintf_btf() thus NULL-derefs:

KASAN: probably user-memory-access in range [0x46638-0x4663f]
RIP: 0010:btf_var_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:2929)
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 btf_type_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:8259)
 btf_type_snprintf_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:8329)
 bpf_snprintf_btf (kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:1047)
 bpf_prog_test_run_raw_tp (net/bpf/test_run.c:829)
 __sys_bpf (kernel/bpf/syscall.c:4804)
 do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84)
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:121)
 </TASK>

Resolve the var's type directly with btf_type_skip_modifiers() when
resolved_ids is NULL, mirroring btf_modifier_show().

Fixes: c4d0bfb450 ("bpf: Add bpf_snprintf_btf helper")
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Ihor Solodrai <ihor.solodrai@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260901104924.346187-4-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:52 -07:00
Jiayuan Chen
4ea508b9eb bpf: Fix NULL-ptr-deref when showing a void BTF type
btf_modifier_show() resolves the modifier and then calls
btf_type_ops(t)->show() unconditionally. For the void type (type_id 0,
BTF_KIND_UNKN) kind_ops[] has no entry, so ->show is NULL.

A "const void" (a modifier resolving to void) cannot be a map key or
value - map_check_btf() rejects it because void has no size - so the map
dump path does not reach it. But bpf_snprintf_btf() takes a type_id
straight from the BPF program, and passing such a "const void" from the
vmlinux BTF NULL-derefs:

KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000028-0x000000000000002f]
RIP: 0010:btf_modifier_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:2914)
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 btf_type_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:8251)
 btf_type_snprintf_show (kernel/bpf/btf.c:8321)
 bpf_snprintf_btf (kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:1047)
 bpf_prog_test_run_raw_tp (net/bpf/test_run.c:829)
 __sys_bpf (kernel/bpf/syscall.c:4804)
 do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94)
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:121)
 </TASK>

Fall back to btf_df_show() when the resolved type has no show op; it
emits the "<unsupported kind:N>" placeholder already used for kinds like
FWD and FUNC. bpf_snprintf_btf() then returns the length as usual.

Fixes: c4d0bfb450 ("bpf: Add bpf_snprintf_btf helper")
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Ihor Solodrai <ihor.solodrai@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260901104924.346187-3-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:52 -07:00
Jiayuan Chen
0895a0c073 bpf: Reject key-less BTF for hash maps
map_check_btf() allows a key-less BTF (btf_key_type_id == 0) only for
maps that have a ->map_check_btf callback, and leaves the actual
decision to that callback. Hash maps used to have no ->map_check_btf,
so a key-less BTF was rejected outright.

That changed when htab and rhtab gained a ->map_check_btf to register a
dtor - htab in commit 1df97a7453 ("bpf: Register dtor for freeing
special fields") and rhtab in commit 6905f86012 ("bpf: Allow special
fields in resizable hashtab"). Neither looks at the key, so a key-less
hash map now passes map_check_btf() and gets created. Reading it back
through bpffs feeds the key type_id 0 into btf_type_seq_show();
btf_type_by_id() returns the void type, kind_ops[BTF_KIND_UNKN] is NULL,
and btf_type_show() dereferences it:

RIP: 0010:btf_type_show+0x223/0x2e0 kernel/bpf/btf.c:8232
RSP: 0018:ffffc9000399f868 EFLAGS: 00010206
RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: 0000000000000005 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000028
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: ffffc9000399f970 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffffffff9b96b140
R13: ffffc9000399f8e0 R14: ffff88803d393c00 R15: 0000000000000003
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000200000000000 CR3: 000000003d213000 CR4: 0000000000352ef0
DR0: 0000000039ae8f55 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 btf_type_seq_show_flags+0xca/0x120 kernel/bpf/btf.c:8250
 htab_map_seq_show_elem+0x12e/0x350 kernel/bpf/hashtab.c:1669
 map_seq_show+0x13d/0x1e0 kernel/bpf/inode.c:293
 traverse.part.0.constprop.0+0x107/0x650 fs/seq_file.c:112
 traverse fs/seq_file.c:99 [inline]
 seq_read_iter+0x93f/0x1270 fs/seq_file.c:196
 seq_read+0x344/0x4d0 fs/seq_file.c:163
 vfs_read+0x1e4/0xb40 fs/read_write.c:572
 ksys_pread64 fs/read_write.c:764 [inline]
 __do_sys_pread64 fs/read_write.c:772 [inline]
 __se_sys_pread64 fs/read_write.c:769 [inline]
 __x64_sys_pread64+0x1eb/0x250 fs/read_write.c:769
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:61 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x123/0x790 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

Reject a key-less BTF in htab_map_check_btf() and rhtab_map_check_btf(),
restoring the previous behavior.

Fixes: 1df97a7453 ("bpf: Register dtor for freeing special fields")
Fixes: 6905f86012 ("bpf: Allow special fields in resizable hashtab")
Reported-by: syzbot+37b56485bbbf90ad8489@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/6a8f4e88.27659fcc.2ceef7.0008.GAE@google.com/T/
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Ihor Solodrai <ihor.solodrai@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260901104924.346187-2-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-03 09:31:52 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
ac0aaef0aa selftests/bpf: BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC reference to the main program
Add a test case for a BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC load instruction that references
the entry function of the program it belongs to. W/o the previous
patch the verifier accepts this program thus allowing a runtime call
at a bogus address. See previous patch for detailed description.

Main function needs to be marked with BTF_FUNC_STATIC for the test to
trigger the bug, the patch uses test_verifier harness instead of
test_prog because libbpf has no way to convey this.

Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260902233658.1186477-2-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-02 17:50:09 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
374b2c5561 bpf: reject BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC reference to the main program
fixups.c:jit_subprogs() rewrites BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC loads to contain real
function addresses. This function is invoked from bpf_jit_subprogs()
only when env->subprog_cnt > 1. Meaning that for any program like
below:

  int main(void *ctx) {
    void *ptr = main;
    ...
    bpf_timer_set_callback(..., ptr);
    ...
  }

The 'ptr' won't be ever converted to contain an address.
In combination with e.g. bpf_timer_set_callback() this would lead to a
function call at a bogus address.

Instead of complicating the implementation, just assume that no useful
program needs main to be a sync or async callback and reject
BPF_PSEUDO_FUNC loads for the main subprogram.

Fixes: 69c087ba62 ("bpf: Add bpf_for_each_map_elem() helper")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260902233658.1186477-1-eddyz87@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-02 17:50:09 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
7ac9662189 selftests/bpf: test case for unsafe pruning of bpf_loop checkpoints
The following BPF program was erroneously accepted by the verifier:

  static int cb(int i, __u64 *ctx)
  {
	/* unsafe on a second iteration */
	small_arr[*ctx] = i;
	*ctx = 100500;
	return 0;
  }
  int main(void *ctx)
  {
        int nr_loops = 1;
        u64 ctx = 0;
  	if (unlikely(bpf_get_prandom_u32() == 42))
        	nr_loops = 2;
        bpf_loop(nr_loops, cb, &ctx, 0);
        return 0;
  }

The branch with nr_loops == 1 was explored first and injected a
checkpoint at the entry to 'cb', such that nr_loops in the main's
frame was not marked as precise. This checkpoint pruned the state with
nr_loops == 2 and the program was accepted.

This test case corresponds to the program above.
Entry point is written in assembly to ensure branch processing order.

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260831-bug-015-backtrack-cb-args-precise-v1-2-68a8e2a821e0@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-02 11:13:21 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
e3e4f66cc4 bpf: backtracking shouldn't clear outer frame R1-R5 for callbacks
When processing calls to bpf_loop() verifier marks R1 (and R4) as
precise. R1 tracks loop iterations number and because of the
'callback_depth < R1' mechanics in check_helper_call() must be marked
precise. However, precision propagation for R1 was broken,
when bpf_loop() call was verified on a second iteration.

Consider the following verification trace:
- main: bpf_loop(nr_loops, callback ...)
- callback: BPF_EXIT
- main: bpf_loop(nr_loops, callback ...)
- ...

While the first visit of the call to bpf_loop() propagated R1
precision as expected, the second call to mark_chain_precision() in
the check_helper_call() set R1, but it was immediately reset when
backtrack_insn() processed preceding BPF_EXIT in the loop deleted in
this patch.

Because of that, the second visit of the call to bpf_loop() injected
checkpoint with R1 not marked as precise. Which could trick the
verifier into accepting unsafe programs. See the next patch for an
example of such program.

Commit is structured in a way to minimize conflicts when
'bpf' would be eventually merged with 'bpf-next'.

Fixes: ab5cfac139 ("bpf: verify callbacks as if they are called unknown number of times")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260831-bug-015-backtrack-cb-args-precise-v1-1-68a8e2a821e0@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-09-02 11:13:21 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
ce6b9e5dd8 selftests/bpf: Precision tracking across BPF_ABS subprog exit
A test case checking that the verifier properly backtracks both
fallthrough and implicit subprogram exit paths modelled for
BPF_LD | BPF_ABS instruction.

Without the previous patch:
- the verifier did not call bt_subprog_enter() on the implicit
  subprogram exit path;
- bpf_pseudo_call() branch in backtrack_insn() executed
  'bpf_bt_set_frame_reg(bt, bt->frame - 1, i);' with bt->frame == 0;
- causing a segmentation fault.

Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260901-bug-016-backtrack-ld-abs-v1-2-59368f1be435@gmail.com
2026-09-02 15:55:08 +02:00
Eduard Zingerman
387b1baefb bpf: backtrack_insn(): Handle ld_{abs,ind} subprog exit edge
Nicholas Carlini reported a bug in precision backtracking mechanism
for BPF_LD | BPF_{IND,ABS} instructions. These instructions are
modelled as two branches:
- fallthrough;
- implicit exit from current subprogram.

The implicit exit case was not handled by the backtrack_insn()
function. When backtracking such a path backtrack_insn() did not
call bt_subprog_enter(), which meant that backtracking continued
manipulating precision marks in a caller frame, while looking at
instructions in a callee frame.

This lead to segmentation faults during verification (see the
selftest), or unsound state pruning.

Fixes: ee861486e3 ("bpf: Fix ld_{abs,ind} failure path analysis in subprogs")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260901-bug-016-backtrack-ld-abs-v1-1-59368f1be435@gmail.com
2026-09-02 15:54:53 +02:00
Yonghong Song
28d75dd3eb selftests/bpf: Bound the offset accumulator in __tld_fetch_key()
The LLVM commit c7f4a76da024 [1]
  "[InstCombine] fold ((x - 1) | (2^k - 1)) + 1 to (x + (2^k - 1)) & -(2^k)"
caused test_task_local_data.bpf.o to fail verification:

  The sequence of 8193 jumps is too complex.
  processed 188770 insns (limit 1000000) max_states_per_insn 34
  total_states 8238 peak_states 12330 mark_read 0

TLD_ROUND_UP(x, 8) expands to ((((x) - 1) | 7) + 1), exactly the pattern
that [1] rewrites, so the accumulation in __tld_fetch_key()

	off += TLD_ROUND_UP(metadata[i].size, 8);

is now compiled as (x + 7) & -8 instead of ((x - 1) | 7) + 1. Both are
correct, but they leave the verifier in very different states. Note that
'off' is marked as precise.

Without [1], "size - 1" wraps at zero (size is a __u16), so
the verifier loses all bounds on the increment:

  211: (69) r1 = *(u16 *)(r1 +62)  ; R1=scalar(...,umax32=0xffff,var_off=(0x0; 0xffff))
  212: (04) w1 += -1               ; R1=scalar(smin=0,smax=umax=0xffffffff,smin32=-1,smax32=0xfffe,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
  213: (44) w1 |= 7                ; R1=scalar(smin=umin=umin32=7,smax=umax=0xffffffff,var_off=(0x7; 0xfffffff8))
  214: (0c) w6 += w1               ; R6=scalar(smin=umin=umin32=7,smax=umax=0xffffffff,var_off=(0x7; 0xfffffff8))
  215: (04) w6 += 1                ; R6=scalar(smin=0,smax=umax=umax32=0xfffffff8,var_off=(0x0; 0xfffffff8))

Note that 'w6' will be used in the next iteration. In the next iteration
after insn 215, the R6 range will be the same as previous iteration.
The iterator loop converges at depth 2.

With [1] the increment stays precisely bounded at [0, 0x10006]:

  211: (69) r9 = *(u16 *)(r1 +62)  ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0xffff,var_off=(0x0; 0xffff))
  212: (04) w9 += 7                ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1ffff))
  213: (54) w9 &= 131064           ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  214: (0c) w9 += w6               ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  215: (bf) r1 = r10
  216: (07) r1 += -8
  217: (85) call bpf_iter_num_next
  218: (bc) w6 = w9

In the next iteration, we will have
  211: (69) r9 = *(u16 *)(r1 +62)       ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0xffff,var_off=(0x0; 0xffff))
  212: (04) w9 += 7                     ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1ffff))
  213: (54) w9 &= 131064                ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  214: (0c) w9 += w6                    ; R9=scalar(...,umax32=0x2000c,var_off=(0x0; 0x3fff8))
  ...

so 'off' umax grows by 0x10006 on every iteration and the loop-head
state never repeats:

  218: (bc) w6 = w9  ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  218: (bc) w6 = w9  ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=0x2000c,var_off=(0x0; 0x3fff8))
  218: (bc) w6 = w9  ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=0x30012,var_off=(0x0; 0x3fff8))
  ...
  218: (bc) w6 = w9  ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=0xff95fd6,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffff8))

That last one is iterator depth 4090. Saturating umax would take ~65531
iterations; the verifier gives up long before that.

Note the loop does not diverge from the start. widen_imprecise_scalars()
blows 'off' up to an unbounded scalar while it is still imprecise, and that
alone converges the first three passes through the loop at depth 4.
Once mark_chain_precision() reaches the loop body, maybe_widen_reg() starts
skipping the register, and no widening ever happens again. In the failing
log widening fires exactly 6 times out of 4098 arrivals at the iter_next()
checkpoint, all of them before the umax starts accumulating.

With [1] and this fix, here is one full trip through the loop body,
entered with 'off' (R6) already clamped by the previous iteration:

  208: frame1: R6=scalar(...,umax32=4088,var_off=(0x0; 0xff8))
  208: (67) r7 <<= 6                ; R7=scalar(...,umax32=3968,var_off=(0x0; 0xfc0))
  209: (bf) r1 = r9                 ; R1=mem(id=54,sz=4036,imm=4)
  210: (0f) r1 += r7
  211: (69) r1 = *(u16 *)(r1 +62)   ; R1=scalar(...,umax32=0xffff,var_off=(0x0; 0xffff))
  212: (04) w1 += 7                 ; R1=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1ffff))
  213: (54) w1 &= 131064            ; R1=scalar(...,umax32=0x10006,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  214: (0c) w1 += w6                ; R1=scalar(...,umax32=0x10ffe,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
                                      R6=scalar(...,umax32=4088,var_off=(0x0; 0xff8))
  215: (bc) w6 = w1                 ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=0x10ffe,var_off=(0x0; 0x1fff8))
  216: (26) if w1 > 0xff8 goto pc+1 ; R6=scalar(...,umax32=4088,var_off=(0x0; 0xff8))
  217: (05) goto pc-27

This makes the loop body a fixpoint. 'off' (w6) enters at 208 as [0, 4088] with
var_off=(0x0; 0xff8); the increment computed at 212/213 is [0, 0x10006], so
214/215 leave it at [0, 0x10ffe]; then 216 truncates it straight back to
[0, 4088]/(0x0; 0xff8), and only then is the back edge at 217 taken.
Convergence no longer depends on the widening window above. Verification converges
at iterator depth 3.

  [1] https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/216436

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260828170534.1011183-1-yonghong.song@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-08-29 18:18:35 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
c6ff14f1cd selftests/bpf: half-dead scalar zero stack spill test
A test case demonstrating unsafe pruning when spill of a scalar zero
spilled on a first pass in replaced by STACK_ZERO in the
__clean_func_state().

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260827-bug-011-cleanfunc-stack-zero-simple-v1-v1-2-c0e996589a52@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-08-28 10:44:22 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
2f3536bff8 bpf: don't downgrade half-dead scalar zero spills to STACK_ZERO
states.c:__clean_func_state() can downgrade scalar zero spill to
STACK_ZERO in the following case:

  *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;
  ... checkpoint ...
  r1 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4);
  ... no reads from r10-8 ...

Here 4 bytes at r10-8 are dead and verifier changes scalar spill to a
combination: 0000pppp (p stands for poison). Such a change breaks
precision propagation chains. All places that produce STACK_ZERO
should call bpf_mark_chain_precision() for the zero source.

This patch fixes the bug in a simplest way possible:
avoids converting stack spills of zero to STACK_ZERO.
Two smarter approaches are possible:
- do bpf_mark_chain_precision() from __clean_func_state()
- check slot liveness information in check_stack_write_fixed_off()

I investigated both and the changes required are a bit tricky,
hence go with a simple fix for the time being.

Fixes: be23266b4a ("bpf: 4-byte precise clean_verifier_state")
Reported-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260827-bug-011-cleanfunc-stack-zero-simple-v1-v1-1-c0e996589a52@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-08-28 10:44:21 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
ce6dcd0aed selftests/bpf: a demo for check_cond_jmp_op() non-null inference bug
A comparison between PTR_TO_MEM | MEM_RDONLY | PTR_UNTRUSTED and
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL should not infer that map pointer is not null.
A bug in check_cond_jmp_op() made such inference possible.

Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260826-bug-029-bad-non-null-inference-v2-2-136789ace9e9@localhost
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-08-26 18:45:32 -07:00
Eduard Zingerman
d3ef6c097b bpf: check_cond_jmp_op(): properly infer if register is null
Nicholas Carlini reported a bug when verifier can incorrectly infer
that a pointer is non-null. The bug occurs when two pointers are
compared and one of them has a type w/o PTR_MAYBE_NULL flag,
but which allows a value to be NULL at runtime.
Here is an example:

  // `a` is PTR_TO_MEM | MEM_RDONLY | PTR_UNTRUSTED
  // `a` is 0 at runtime.
  // `b` is PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE | PTR_MAYBE_NULL
  void *a = bpf_rdonly_cast(0, 0);
  int  *b = bpf_map_lookup_elem(...);

  if (a == b)
    *b = 42;  // verifier does not catch null pointer dereference

This happens because of a special case in check_cond_jmp_op(),
which attempts to strip PTR_MAYBE_NULL flags from pointer types,
when processing comparisons like `rA == rB`, if either rA or rB can't
be null.

The non-null property is derived based on the absence of
PTR_MAYBE_NULL flag on rA's or rB's type. But that is not sufficient
for types like PTR_TO_MEM, as in the example.

This patch replaces type_may_be_null() call with reg_not_null(),
which contains an allowlist of types for which absence of
PTR_MAYBE_NULL actually means that the value can't be NULL at runtime.

At the moment, the list in the reg_not_null() omits two types for
which PTR_MAYBE_NULL is applicable: PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK and PTR_TO_BUF.
In order to remain backward compatible, and assuming that only
comparison between pointers of the same type makes sense,
this commit extends reg_not_null(). W/o such an extension e.g.
verifier_jeq_infer_not_null/null_ptr_to_map_value fails.

reg_not_null() can be extended further, but I deem that out of scope
for the fix at hand. Explicit base_type(...) != PTR_TO_BTF_ID
checks in the check_cond_jmp_op() can be removed with migration to
reg_not_null(), but that is a behavioural change, as the special case
would start matching for PTR_TO_BTF_ID that is also is_trusted_reg().
I omit the behavioural change from this commit.

Fixes: befae75856 ("bpf: propagate nullness information for reg to reg comparisons")
Suggested-by: Nicholas Carlini <npc@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260826-bug-029-bad-non-null-inference-v2-1-136789ace9e9@localhost
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-08-26 18:45:32 -07:00
Hui Su
75b0a6db43 bpf: Fix percpu map update indexing with sparse CPU IDs
Per-CPU array, hash, and cgroup storage map updates without BPF_F_CPU
or BPF_F_ALL_CPUS use a value buffer whose per-CPU slots are packed in
possible-CPU order. The buffer is sized as:

  round_up(value_size, 8) * num_possible_cpus()

The update paths iterate over possible CPUs, but use the logical CPU ID
to calculate the source offset:

  value + size * cpu

This only works when possible CPU IDs are contiguous starting at zero.

For example, with a possible CPU mask of 0,2-3, the buffer contains
three slots corresponding to CPUs 0, 2, and 3. CPU2 is therefore
expected to use slot 1 and CPU3 slot 2. Instead, the current code uses
slots 2 and 3 respectively, causing incorrect per-CPU values and an
out-of-bounds read from the update buffer for CPU3.

The corresponding lookup paths already use a dense offset while
iterating over possible CPUs. Do the same for the array, hash, and
cgroup storage update paths, advancing the source offset once for each
possible CPU. BPF_F_ALL_CPUS continues to use the same value for every
CPU.

Fixes: 8eb76cb03f ("bpf: Add BPF_F_CPU and BPF_F_ALL_CPUS flags support for percpu_array maps")
Fixes: c6936161fd ("bpf: Add BPF_F_CPU and BPF_F_ALL_CPUS flags support for percpu_hash and lru_percpu_hash maps")
Fixes: 47c79f05aa ("bpf: Add BPF_F_CPU and BPF_F_ALL_CPUS flags support for percpu_cgroup_storage maps")
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Leon Hwang <leon.hwang@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260813155131.1022745-3-sh_def@163.com
2026-08-21 10:41:27 -07:00
Hui Su
ed54bf564a bpf: Fix BPF_F_CPU validation for sparse CPU IDs
BPF_F_CPU stores the target CPU ID in the upper 32 bits of the map
operation flags. bpf_map_check_op_flags() currently compares that ID
with num_possible_cpus(), which is the number of possible CPUs rather
than a bound on CPU IDs.

On an arm64 QEMU guest with a CPU device-tree hole, the possible CPU
mask was 0,2-3. A userspace program using raw bpf() syscalls creates
a BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_ARRAY and performs update and lookup operations
for each CPU by setting BPF_F_CPU and the CPU ID in the flags.

With the old check, CPU 1 is incorrectly accepted while valid CPU 3 is
rejected with -ERANGE. The CPU 1 update then reaches the per-CPU map
access path and triggers:

  Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ...
  pc : __pi_memcpy_generic+0x5c/0x22c
  lr : bpf_percpu_array_update+0x2dc/0x2e8
  Call trace:
    __pi_memcpy_generic
    bpf_map_update_value
    map_update_elem
    __sys_bpf

Check the CPU ID against nr_cpu_ids and cpu_possible() instead. This
rejects CPU IDs outside the valid range and CPUs absent from the
possible mask, while allowing valid sparse CPU IDs.

Fixes: 2b421662c7 ("bpf: Introduce BPF_F_CPU and BPF_F_ALL_CPUS flags")
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Leon Hwang <leon.hwang@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260813160858.1042834-3-sh_def@163.com
2026-08-21 10:41:11 -07:00
Hui Su
efebf64966
bpf: Fix infinite loop in pcpu_freelist push with one possible CPU
__pcpu_freelist_push() can loop forever when only one CPU is possible
and an NMI re-enters pcpu_freelist_push() while the interrupted context
holds that CPU's freelist lock.

After the current-CPU fast path fails, the fallback loop walks
cpu_possible_mask while skipping the current CPU. With CONFIG_SMP=n, or
when an SMP kernel is limited to one possible CPU with nr_cpus=1 or
possible_cpus=1, there are no other possible CPUs to examine. The loop
therefore makes no lock acquisition attempt and can never make progress.

The following stack was observed on a UP system:

  NMI context:
    pcpu_freelist_push
    free_htab_elem
    htab_map_delete_elem
    [perf-event BPF program]
    __perf_event_overflow
    perf_event_nmi_handler
    exc_nmi

  Interrupted context:
    __pcpu_freelist_push
    pcpu_freelist_push
    free_htab_elem
    htab_map_delete_elem
    [raw_tp/sys_enter BPF program]
    __bpf_trace_sys_enter
    do_syscall_64

raw_res_spin_lock() detects the same-CPU recursive acquisition and
returns -EDEADLK, but the subsequent fallback loop has no candidate head
on a system with one possible CPU.

Restore the extra fallback head that existed before the rqspinlock
conversion. Keep the current-CPU fast path, then try the other possible
CPUs and finally the extra head. The additional head lets a push, which
cannot fail without losing a preallocated element, make progress when the
only per-CPU head is held by the interrupted context.

Also check the extra head from the pop path so that nodes placed there
can be reused.

Fixes: f2ac0e5d1c ("bpf: Convert percpu_freelist.c to rqspinlock")
Signed-off-by: Hui Su <sh_def@163.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260806175600.1993595-1-sh_def@163.com
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
2026-08-20 20:44:16 +02:00
Jiayuan Chen
7ee2f20bf2
selftests/bpf: Add reg-invariants test for speculative pointer arithmetic
An unprivileged socket filter does variable pointer arithmetic on a
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE whose offset collapses to a constant. The Spectre-v1
speculative path used to snapshot the pointer with a const offset and an
unbounded r32, which tripped reg_bounds_sanity_check() on the following
register move.

Mark the test __success_unpriv (the speculative path only runs
unprivileged) and flag it BPF_F_TEST_REG_INVARIANTS so the invariant
violation becomes a hard load failure. The unprivileged run fails without
the verifier fix and passes with it:

  verifier_bounds/spec_ptr_alu_const_offset @unpriv:FAIL   # without fix
  verifier_bounds/spec_ptr_alu_const_offset @unpriv:OK     # with fix

Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Tested-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260819125840.286434-2-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
2026-08-20 20:44:16 +02:00
Jiayuan Chen
150aeba624
bpf: Fix REG INVARIANTS VIOLATION on speculative pointer arithmetic
Take the following unprivileged program as an example:

	r0 = bpf_map_lookup_elem(...)	/* PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, offset 0 */
	...
	14: r0 += r1			/* r1 is a bounded scalar */
	15: r9 = r0

Loading it triggers a verifier warning from reg_bounds_sanity_check():

	verifier bug: REG INVARIANTS VIOLATION (alu): const subreg tnum out
	of sync with range bounds r64={.base=0x0, .size=0x0}
	r32={.base=0x0, .size=0xffffffff} var_off=(0x0, 0x0)

What happens:

1. Processing insn 14 (r0 += r1) in adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(), the new
   offset is computed into dst_reg's var_off and 32/64-bit ranges.

2. Because pointer registers do not track 32-bit subregister bounds,
   __mark_reg32_unbounded() first sets r32 to the full range; r32 is
   re-derived from the offset at the end of the function by
   reg_bounds_sync().

3. On the unprivileged path, sanitize_ptr_alu() is called and, via
   sanitize_speculative_path() -> push_stack(), snapshots the current
   register state and schedules the next instruction (insn 15) to be
   verified directly as a speculative path.

4. That snapshot is taken between step 2 and the final reg_bounds_sync():
   at this point dst_reg's var_off still holds the (const) original
   offset while r32 has just been blanked to the full range, i.e. the two
   are out of sync. When the speculative path later verifies insn 15
   (r9 = r0), the inconsistent state reaches reg_bounds_sanity_check() and
   trips the warning.

var_off and the 32-bit range must always be consistent. There are two
ways to keep the snapshot consistent:

  1. sync var_off and r32 before the snapshot so they match, or
  2. leave r32 at its original (already consistent) value and blank it
     only after the snapshot.

The whole point of sanitize_ptr_alu() is to insert a harmless masking
sequence that keeps the access in bounds under speculation, so the state
it snapshots should faithfully represent that. Take approach 2: move
__mark_reg32_unbounded() to after sanitize_ptr_alu(), so the speculative
snapshot keeps the pointer's original, consistent r32. The non-speculative
path is unchanged: r32 is still blanked before the offset is applied and
re-derived by reg_bounds_sync().

Fixes: 5f99f312bd ("bpf: add register bounds sanity checks and sanitization")
Reported-by: Hiker Cl <clhiker365@gmail.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/CAGM=xGB1fJ9kT8XTitVo74B0WGqgjkoUHdLwzytwV0AyqeVApw@mail.gmail.com/
Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260819125840.286434-1-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
2026-08-20 20:44:15 +02:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
175a58668e selftests/bpf: Test invalid DW LDSX diagnostics
An invalid BPF_MEMSX | BPF_DW instruction can reach Program Structure
diagnostics before opcode validation when placed at the end of a subprogram.
Exercise this path and require the disassembler fallback so table bounds
regressions are caught.

Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260820022020.3450479-3-memxor@gmail.com
2026-08-20 18:45:44 +02:00
Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
37e5c4f4d2 bpf: Reject invalid LDSX instruction in disassembly
The signed-load mnemonic table has entries for byte, half-word, and word
loads because BPF_MEMSX does not support double-word loads. A BPF_MEMSX
| BPF_DW instruction nevertheless selects index 3, past the end of this
table.

Program Structure diagnostics can disassemble a malformed instruction
before check_and_resolve_insns() rejects its opcode. Placing the invalid
signed double-word load at the end of a program therefore triggers an
out-of-bounds access while reporting subprogram fallthrough.

Treat signed double-word loads as invalid in the disassembler and use
the existing BUG_ldx fallback instead.

Fixes: a8f4278353 ("bpf: Report Program Structure CFG errors")
Reported-by: syzbot+3544d9b2a9206be8ba37@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Reviewed-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260820022020.3450479-2-memxor@gmail.com
2026-08-20 18:45:44 +02:00
Mike Rapoport (Microsoft)
c7a2a36182 x86/bpf: Make arch_bpf_trampoline_size allocate from EXECMEM_MODULE_DATA
Jiri Olsa reports slowdown of tracing_multi benchmark that allocates huge
number of trampolines [1].

The slowdown caused by extra protection changes in execmem_alloc_rw() and
execmem_free().

With ROX caches enabled, all execmem allocations except EXECMEM_MODULE_DATA
are ROX after the allocation. execmem_alloc_rw() temporarily sets them to
W+NX and execmem_free() resets them back to ROX.

The only user of bpf_jit_alloc_exec_rw() is x86::arch_bpf_trampoline_size()
that only needs a temporary writable buffer in the modules address space.

On x86 executable memory and module data are constrained to the same
address range, so x86::arch_bpf_trampoline_size() can directly use
execmem_alloc(EXECMEM_MODULE_DATA)

Replace the call to bpf_jit_alloc_exec_rw() with a call to
execmem_alloc(EXECMEM_MODULE_DATA) in x86::arch_bpf_trampoline_size() and
drop bpf_jit_alloc_exec_rw() helper.

Fixes: 5bf02dbf39 ("bpf, x86: Make sure allocation in arch_bpf_trampoline_size() is writable")
Reported-by: Jiri Olsa <olsajiri@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Tested-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/an8r7EODLIL-bZM3@krava
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260818130510.3110054-1-rppt@kernel.org
2026-08-20 17:52:31 +02:00
Linus Torvalds
91ec203513 Networking changes for 7.3.
Core & protocols
 ----------------
 
  - A few steps lowering rtnl_lock dependence:
    - per-netns netdev unregistration for select SW drivers
      (e.g. veth, ipvlan, tunnels)
    - rtnl_lock-less FIB rule changes (RTM_NEWRULE and RTM_DELRULE)
    - prepare software drivers and TC qdiscs for rtnl_lock-less GET
 
  - Support BIG TCP (>64kB TSO) in UDP tunnels (vxlan, geneve).
 
  - Support buffers larger than PAGE_SIZE in devmem zero-copy API.
 
  - Improve MPTCP handling of extreme memory pressure handling,
    when out-of-order queue had to be pruned.
 
  - Report the per-group user count via RTM_GETMULTICAST.
 
  - Expose the route deletion reason in RTM_DELROUTE.
 
  - Add a SO_RIGHTS_NOTRUNC option to UNIX sockets to enable more useful
    handling of LSM denials when receiving SCM_RIGHTS messages: instead
    of truncating the message at the first blocked fd, keep every fd slot
    and store the LSM errno in the blocked slot.
 
  - IPv6 Segment Routing - support looking up the post-encap SID
    (address) in a different/specified routing table.
 
  - Support PRP RedBox (interlink) creation.
 
  - Support per-nexthop UDP dst port in VXLAN.
 
  - Continue converting getsockopt callbacks in a number of protocols
    to iov_iter.
 
 Ethernet
 --------
 
  - Marge initial CXL support for AMD/Solarflare NICs (shared branch
    with the CXL tree).
 
  - New drivers:
    - ADIN1140 10BASE-T1S MACPHY
    - Initial skeleton of Intel iXD and ZTE Dinghai drivers.
 
  - High-speed NICs:
    - AMD/Pensando:
      - support firmware flashing
    - Cisco (enic):
      - SR-IOV V2 admin channel and MBOX protocol
    - Huawei (hns3):
      - support for ethtool pfc_prevention_tout
    - nVidia/Mellanox:
      - support sharing bandwidth control across interfaces of
        the same device
    - Marvell (octeontx2-pf):
      - link RQ page pools to netdev for Netlink stats
    - Google vNIC:
      - XDP metadata support for DQ RDA
    - Microsoft vNIC:
      - support forcing full-page RX buffers
 
  - Other NICs:
    - Synopsys IP:
      - eic7700: support for eth1
    - Microchip (lan743x):
      - support for RMII interface
    - Wangxun:
      - support for ethtool -G and -C for VFs
      - add Tx timeout and PCIe error handling
    - Intel (igb/igc):
      - RSS key get/set support
      - support for forcing link speed without auto-negotiation
 
  - Switches:
    - NXP (dpaa2):
      - support bonding/LAG offload
    - Mediatek:
      - mt7530: EN7528 support
      - initial support for MT7628
    - Micrel (ksz8/9):
      - refactoring work to move towards library model
      - PTP support for KSZ8463
    - nVidia/Mellanox:
      - support rtnl-lock-less ethtool callbacks
    - Realtek:
      - rtl8366rb: use generic RTL83xx code
      - support SGMII and HSGMII for RTL8367S
 
  - PHYs:
    - Airoha:
      - EcoNet EN7528 PHY support
    - DAPU Telecom
      - DAPU Telecom DAP8211R(I) Gigabit PHY support
    - Realtek:
      - support RTL8261C_CG
      - support RTL8261D
 
 Wireless
 --------
 
  - nl80211: per-link statistics support for multi-link operation
 
  - mac80211: AQL/airtime-fairness support for multicast
 
  - Merge Peripheral Authentication Service (PAS) / TEE support
    for ath12k (shared branch with the firmware/qcom tree).
 
  - New drivers:
    - mm81x for Morse Micro Long-Range S1G devices
    - nxpwifi for NXP devices (mostly forked off from mwifiex)
 
  - Driver changes:
    - Broadcom (brcmfmac):
      - DPP support, some Cypress part update
    - MediaTek (mt76):
      - mt7928 support
      - mt7925 NAN support
      - mt7996 AP powersave improvements
    - Qualcomm (ath12k):
      - much kernel infrastructure integration work
      - AHB platform MultiPD support
    - Realtek (rt89):
      - LED support
      - RTL8922DE support
      - dual-BT coex for RTL8922D
    - Intel:
      - new FW version support
 
 Bluetooth
 ---------
 
  - HCI: add support for Shorter Connection Interval (SCI) feature.
 
  - af_bluetooth: add minimal context analysis annotations.
 
  - Driver changes:
    - Intel:
      - add Bluetooth SAR revision 2 support
      - add vendor_reset PCI sysfs for PLDR
    - Mediatek:
      - add USB IDs for MT7902 and MT7922 devices
    - Realtek:
      - add USB IDs for 8761CU and 8852BE devices
    - NXP:
      - add M.2 Bluetooth device support using pwrseq
 
 Misc
 ----
 
  - DPLL support for manual/numerical oscillator control (NCO)
    (implement in zl3073x).
 
  - MCTP support for MCTP over USB v1.1 (DMTF DSP0283).
 
  - Power-over-Ethernet: support Realtek PSE controllers.
 
  - Remove the IBM EHEA driver.
 
  - Remove tulip/xircom_cb driver.
 
 Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
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Merge tag 'net-next-7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next

Pull networking updates from Jakub Kicinski:
 "One of the 'small improvements all over the place' releases for us.

  It's hard to draw any direct comparisons because summer vacations
  disrupted our patch processing (and presumably - generation) quite a
  bit.

  Quick and dirty count suggests we (Paolo and I) merged a very similar
  number of net (632) and net-next (648) patches. This is not telling
  the full story either because 1/3 to 1/2 of the net-next patches also
  *seem* like AI-driven low priority fixes, cleanups and clarifications.

  We are completely overwhelmed, of course. The glimmer of hope is that
  we secured sufficient LLM budget and access (thank you Meta!) to run
  reviews with multiple frontier models on each patch. This eliminates
  some hallucinations. That said, in terms of review, the LLMs can only
  do so much.

  The sad truth is that our APIs (especially for rare events like PCIe
  errors, timeouts etc) have always been racy, and now LLMs don't let us
  ignore that. I expect our direction for the next release will be to
  tweak the reviews a little bit more, but start shifting focus to
  letting the LLMs take care of the busy work - managing patchwork,
  automating common process complaints, editing commit messages, and
  maybe applying patches which already got "reviewed-by" tags from
  people we trust...

  Core & protocols:

   - A few steps lowering rtnl_lock dependence:
      - per-netns netdev unregistration for select SW drivers (e.g.
        veth, ipvlan, tunnels)
      - rtnl_lock-less FIB rule changes (RTM_NEWRULE and RTM_DELRULE)
      - prepare software drivers and TC qdiscs for rtnl_lock-less GET

   - Support BIG TCP (>64kB TSO) in UDP tunnels (vxlan, geneve)

   - Support buffers larger than PAGE_SIZE in devmem zero-copy API

   - Improve MPTCP handling of extreme memory pressure handling, when
     out-of-order queue had to be pruned

   - Report the per-group user count via RTM_GETMULTICAST

   - Expose the route deletion reason in RTM_DELROUTE

   - Add a SO_RIGHTS_NOTRUNC option to UNIX sockets to enable more
     useful handling of LSM denials when receiving SCM_RIGHTS messages:
     instead of truncating the message at the first blocked fd, keep
     every fd slot and store the LSM errno in the blocked slot

   - IPv6 Segment Routing - support looking up the post-encap SID
     (address) in a different/specified routing table

   - Support PRP RedBox (interlink) creation

   - Support per-nexthop UDP dst port in VXLAN

   - Continue converting getsockopt callbacks in a number of protocols
     to iov_iter

  Ethernet:

   - Merge initial CXL support for AMD/Solarflare NICs (shared branch
     with the CXL tree)

   - New drivers:
      - ADIN1140 10BASE-T1S MACPHY
      - Initial skeleton of Intel iXD and ZTE Dinghai drivers

   - High-speed NICs:
      - AMD/Pensando:
         - support firmware flashing
      - Cisco (enic):
         - SR-IOV V2 admin channel and MBOX protocol
      - Huawei (hns3):
         - support for ethtool pfc_prevention_tout
      - nVidia/Mellanox:
         - support sharing bandwidth control across interfaces
           of the same device
      - Marvell (octeontx2-pf):
         - link RQ page pools to netdev for Netlink stats
      - Google vNIC:
         - XDP metadata support for DQ RDA
      - Microsoft vNIC:
         - support forcing full-page RX buffers

   - Other NICs:
      - Synopsys IP:
         - eic7700: support for eth1
      - Microchip (lan743x):
         - support for RMII interface
      - Wangxun:
         - support for ethtool -G and -C for VFs
         - add Tx timeout and PCIe error handling
      - Intel (igb/igc):
         - RSS key get/set support
         - support for forcing link speed without auto-negotiation

   - Switches:
      - NXP (dpaa2):
         - support bonding/LAG offload
      - Mediatek:
         - mt7530: EN7528 support
         - initial support for MT7628
      - Micrel (ksz8/9):
         - refactoring work to move towards library model
         - PTP support for KSZ8463
      - nVidia/Mellanox:
         - support rtnl-lock-less ethtool callbacks
      - Realtek:
         - rtl8366rb: use generic RTL83xx code
         - support SGMII and HSGMII for RTL8367S

   - PHYs:
      - Airoha:
         - EcoNet EN7528 PHY support
      - DAPU Telecom
         - DAPU Telecom DAP8211R(I) Gigabit PHY support
      - Realtek:
         - support RTL8261C_CG
         - support RTL8261D

  Wireless:

   - nl80211: per-link statistics support for multi-link operation

   - mac80211: AQL/airtime-fairness support for multicast

   - Merge Peripheral Authentication Service (PAS) / TEE support for
     ath12k (shared branch with the firmware/qcom tree)

   - New drivers:
      - mm81x for Morse Micro Long-Range S1G devices
      - nxpwifi for NXP devices (mostly forked off from mwifiex)

   - Driver changes:
      - Broadcom (brcmfmac):
         - DPP support, some Cypress part update
      - MediaTek (mt76):
         - mt7928 support
         - mt7925 NAN support
         - mt7996 AP powersave improvements
      - Qualcomm (ath12k):
         - much kernel infrastructure integration work
         - AHB platform MultiPD support
      - Realtek (rt89):
         - LED support
         - RTL8922DE support
         - dual-BT coex for RTL8922D
      - Intel:
         - new FW version support

  Bluetooth:

   - HCI: add support for Shorter Connection Interval (SCI) feature

   - af_bluetooth: add minimal context analysis annotations

   - Driver changes:
      - Intel:
         - add Bluetooth SAR revision 2 support
         - add vendor_reset PCI sysfs for PLDR
      - Mediatek:
         - add USB IDs for MT7902 and MT7922 devices
      - Realtek:
         - add USB IDs for 8761CU and 8852BE devices
      - NXP:
         - add M.2 Bluetooth device support using pwrseq

  Misc:

   - DPLL support for manual/numerical oscillator control (NCO)
     (implement in zl3073x)

   - MCTP support for MCTP over USB v1.1 (DMTF DSP0283)

   - Power-over-Ethernet: support Realtek PSE controllers

   - Remove the IBM EHEA driver

   - Remove tulip/xircom_cb driver"

* tag 'net-next-7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next: (1433 commits)
  net/mlx5e: do not HW-GRO coalesce small frames
  net: openvswitch: fix nf_connlabels leak in ovs_ct_init
  net: add missing ref_tracker_dir_exit() to alloc_netdev_mqs()
  net: openvswitch: fix flow mask use-after-free on flow deletion
  sctp: stop processing a packet once its association is deleted
  dpll: zl3073x: add PTP clock support
  dpll: zl3073x: add channel ToD, phase step and TIE operations
  dpll: zl3073x: scale poll interval proportionally to timeout
  ptp: vmclock: prevent read-only mappings from becoming writable
  ipv4: reject undersized MTUs in ip_do_fragment()
  bonding: initialize err for empty target lists
  net: dsa: initial support for MT7628 embedded switch
  net: dsa: initial MT7628 tagging driver
  net: phy: mediatek: add phy driver for MT7628 built-in Fast Ethernet PHYs
  dt-bindings: net: dsa: add MT7628 ESW
  net: pse-pd: realtek-pse-mcu: add UART transport
  net: pse-pd: realtek-pse-mcu: add I2C transport
  net: pse-pd: add Realtek PSE MCU core
  dt-bindings: net: pse-pd: add bindings for Realtek PSE MCU
  vsock: use sock_error() to consume sk_err after a failed connect
  ...
2026-08-20 08:16:04 -07:00
Linus Torvalds
5a8cd539ac Major changes:
- Redesign the verifier error reporting: failures now carry source and
   instruction annotations along with the causal event history that led
   to them, making program rejections far easier to debug and repair
   (Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi)
 
 - Add arena argument support to kfuncs and struct_ops through the new
   __arena and __arena__nullable suffixes (Tejun Heo, Puranjay Mohan,
   Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi, Ihor Solodrai)
 
 - Signed BPF program loader rework to accommodate both BPF and security
   community needs where the kernel runs the signature verification at
   BPF_PROG_LOAD time before the LSM admission hook (Daniel Borkmann)
 
 - Add a set of ksock kfuncs which let BPF LSM and syscall programs
   create, connect and send on UDP sockets in order to emit telemetry
   data (Mahe Tardy)
 
 - Unify helper and kfunc call argument verification and classify kfunc
   arguments purely from BTF into a generated bpf_func_proto which is
   computed once at add-call time (Amery Hung)
 
 Other features and fixes:
 
 - Enable EXECMEM_ROX_CACHE for BPF allocations on x86 (Mike Rapoport)
 
 - Add bidirectional VLAN support to bpf_fib_lookup() through the new
   BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN and BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN_INPUT flags
   (Avinash Duduskar)
 
 - Infer zext_dst from static register liveness analysis to fix 32-bit
   zero-extension semantics, and remove the artificial limitations on
   pointer types eligible for spilling (Eduard Zingerman)
 
 - Inline the numeric open-coded iterator kfuncs so that bpf_for() loops
   no longer pay a kfunc call on every iteration (Puranjay Mohan)
 
 - Add an arena-based bitmap data structure to libarena along with
   serial and parallel selftests (Emil Tsalapatis)
 
 - Teach resolve_btfids to discover kfuncs from the kernel's BTF ID sets
   and to emit kfunc BTF decl tags, reducing the kernel build's
   dependency on pahole features (Ihor Solodrai)
 
 - Add BPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_DECAP_* flags to bpf_skb_adjust_room() so that
   tunnel decapsulation can update the GSO and encapsulation state of
   the skb (Nick Hudson)
 
 - Fix the ring buffer pending_pos walk and the available-data
   accounting on 32-bit position wrap (Israel Téllez García)
 
 - Add memory usage accounting for arena maps and fix an mmap_lock
   deadlock on arena lock failure (Jiayuan Chen)
 
 - Add tracing_multi link info support to the kernel UAPI and bpftool,
   and refactor the stack map code to run with preemption disabled
   (Jiri Olsa)
 
 - Support BPF_F_EGRESS in bpf_redirect_peer() to emit the skb in the
   egress direction of the target's peer device (Jordan Rife)
 
 - Add a KF_SPINLOCK_SAFE kfunc flag so that providers, in particular
   modules, can declare kfuncs safe to call under bpf_spin_lock instead
   of relying on the verifier's hard-coded allowlist (Kaitao Cheng)
 
 - Introduce global percpu data for BPF programs with libbpf probing
   and bpftool skeleton support, and stop exposing uninitialized kernel
   heap memory when copying per-CPU map values (Leon Hwang)
 
 - Add s390 JIT support for load-acquire and store-release instructions
   (Maxim Khmelevskii)
 
 - Fix a CFI mismatch in the task work callback and an arm64 KASAN
   false positive after bpf_throw() (Mykyta Yatsenko)
 
 - Reject writes through untrusted BTF pointers and bound the
   rdonly/rdwr_buf_size kfunc arguments (Nicholas Dudar)
 
 - Invalidate RCU pointers only after the final spin unlock and account
   for preempt and IRQ disabled regions as overlapping RCU protection
   (Ning Ding)
 
 - Support mixing bpf2bpf calls and tail calls on RV64, add signed
   operations and 32-bit atomics to the RV32 JIT, and add timed may_goto
   support (Pu Lehui, Kuan-Wei Chiu, Feng Jiang)
 
 - Fix a use-after-free on mm_struct in bpf_find_vma() for foreign tasks
   and an mmap_lock leak in the irq_work path (Sanghyun Park)
 
 - Populate mmap-able BPF array map memory lazily which makes mmap() O(1)
   instead of proportional to the map size (Song Liu)
 
 - Introduce a jit_required flag and reject programs with inlined
   helpers when no JIT is available, where the interpreter would
   otherwise jump into an invalid address (Tiezhu Yang)
 
 - Fix the x86 JIT per-CPU address resolution into an extended register
   where the REX prefix dropped the high destination register bit
   (Vineet Gupta)
 
 - Reject MEM_ALLOC BTF accesses past object bounds, arena frees below
   the arena base, and mixed arena and ordinary atomic paths
   (Yiyang Chen)
 
 - Fix the trampoline handling of 128-bit arguments and of return values
   larger than 8 bytes (Yonghong Song)
 
 - Ensure that any fault prone load is rewritten with exception table
   handling, and fix the arena load-acquire and atomic fetch handling
   in the x86, arm64, riscv and s390 JITs (Daniel Borkmann)
 
 - Many more fixes and cleanups across the verifier, arena, trampolines,
   sockmap, cgroup, ring buffer, x86/arm64/riscv/s390 JITs, libbpf,
   bpftool, resolve_btfids and selftests.
 
 Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
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Merge tag 'bpf-next-7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next

Pull bpf updates from Daniel Borkmann:
 "Major changes:

   - Redesign the verifier error reporting: failures now carry source
     and instruction annotations along with the causal event history
     that led to them, making program rejections far easier to debug and
     repair (Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi)

   - Add arena argument support to kfuncs and struct_ops through the new
     __arena and __arena__nullable suffixes (Tejun Heo, Puranjay Mohan,
     Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi, Ihor Solodrai)

   - Signed BPF program loader rework to accommodate both BPF and
     security community needs where the kernel runs the signature
     verification at BPF_PROG_LOAD time before the LSM admission hook
     (Daniel Borkmann)

   - Add a set of ksock kfuncs which let BPF LSM and syscall programs
     create, connect and send on UDP sockets in order to emit telemetry
     data (Mahe Tardy)

   - Unify helper and kfunc call argument verification and classify
     kfunc arguments purely from BTF into a generated bpf_func_proto
     which is computed once at add-call time (Amery Hung)

  Other features and fixes:

   - Enable EXECMEM_ROX_CACHE for BPF allocations on x86 (Mike Rapoport)

   - Add bidirectional VLAN support to bpf_fib_lookup() through the new
     BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN and BPF_FIB_LOOKUP_VLAN_INPUT flags (Avinash
     Duduskar)

   - Infer zext_dst from static register liveness analysis to fix 32-bit
     zero-extension semantics, and remove the artificial limitations on
     pointer types eligible for spilling (Eduard Zingerman)

   - Inline the numeric open-coded iterator kfuncs so that bpf_for()
     loops no longer pay a kfunc call on every iteration (Puranjay
     Mohan)

   - Add an arena-based bitmap data structure to libarena along with
     serial and parallel selftests (Emil Tsalapatis)

   - Teach resolve_btfids to discover kfuncs from the kernel's BTF ID
     sets and to emit kfunc BTF decl tags, reducing the kernel build's
     dependency on pahole features (Ihor Solodrai)

   - Add BPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_DECAP_* flags to bpf_skb_adjust_room() so that
     tunnel decapsulation can update the GSO and encapsulation state of
     the skb (Nick Hudson)

   - Fix the ring buffer pending_pos walk and the available-data
     accounting on 32-bit position wrap (Israel Téllez García)

   - Add memory usage accounting for arena maps and fix an mmap_lock
     deadlock on arena lock failure (Jiayuan Chen)

   - Add tracing_multi link info support to the kernel UAPI and bpftool,
     and refactor the stack map code to run with preemption disabled
     (Jiri Olsa)

   - Support BPF_F_EGRESS in bpf_redirect_peer() to emit the skb in the
     egress direction of the target's peer device (Jordan Rife)

   - Add a KF_SPINLOCK_SAFE kfunc flag so that providers, in particular
     modules, can declare kfuncs safe to call under bpf_spin_lock
     instead of relying on the verifier's hard-coded allowlist (Kaitao
     Cheng)

   - Introduce global percpu data for BPF programs with libbpf probing
     and bpftool skeleton support, and stop exposing uninitialized
     kernel heap memory when copying per-CPU map values (Leon Hwang)

   - Add s390 JIT support for load-acquire and store-release
     instructions (Maxim Khmelevskii)

   - Fix a CFI mismatch in the task work callback and an arm64 KASAN
     false positive after bpf_throw() (Mykyta Yatsenko)

   - Reject writes through untrusted BTF pointers and bound the
     rdonly/rdwr_buf_size kfunc arguments (Nicholas Dudar)

   - Invalidate RCU pointers only after the final spin unlock and
     account for preempt and IRQ disabled regions as overlapping RCU
     protection (Ning Ding)

   - Support mixing bpf2bpf calls and tail calls on RV64, add signed
     operations and 32-bit atomics to the RV32 JIT, and add timed
     may_goto support (Pu Lehui, Kuan-Wei Chiu, Feng Jiang)

   - Fix a use-after-free on mm_struct in bpf_find_vma() for foreign
     tasks and an mmap_lock leak in the irq_work path (Sanghyun Park)

   - Populate mmap-able BPF array map memory lazily which makes mmap()
     O(1) instead of proportional to the map size (Song Liu)

   - Introduce a jit_required flag and reject programs with inlined
     helpers when no JIT is available, where the interpreter would
     otherwise jump into an invalid address (Tiezhu Yang)

   - Fix the x86 JIT per-CPU address resolution into an extended
     register where the REX prefix dropped the high destination register
     bit (Vineet Gupta)

   - Reject MEM_ALLOC BTF accesses past object bounds, arena frees below
     the arena base, and mixed arena and ordinary atomic paths (Yiyang
     Chen)

   - Fix the trampoline handling of 128-bit arguments and of return
     values larger than 8 bytes (Yonghong Song)

   - Ensure that any fault prone load is rewritten with exception table
     handling, and fix the arena load-acquire and atomic fetch handling
     in the x86, arm64, riscv and s390 JITs (Daniel Borkmann)

   - Many more fixes and cleanups across the verifier, arena,
     trampolines, sockmap, cgroup, ring buffer, x86/arm64/riscv/s390
     JITs, libbpf, bpftool, resolve_btfids and selftests"

* tag 'bpf-next-7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next: (373 commits)
  selftests/bpf: Add tests for a store on a fault prone qdisc pointer
  selftests/bpf: Add tests for fault prone loads out of RCU pointers
  selftests/bpf: Add tests for pointer type merge at a shared load
  selftests/bpf: Remove duplicate copies of the arena spinlock qnodes
  selftests/bpf: Retry stat generation in cgroup_iter_memcg
  selftests/bpf: Test pseudo-function policy diagnostics
  bpf: Distinguish function references in policy diagnostics
  bpf: Preserve source attribution without source text
  selftests/bpf: Test kfunc argument diagnostics
  bpf: Correct kfunc argument diagnostics
  bpf: Use canonical stack argument names in diagnostics
  bpf: Preserve R0 lineage across helper calls
  selftests/bpf: Exercise negative optlen in cgroup getsockopt hook
  bpf: Reject negative optlen in cgroup getsockopt hook
  selftests/bpf: tc_tunnel - validate decap GSO and encapsulation state
  bpf: Clear decap state on skb_adjust_room shrink path
  bpf: Allow new DECAP flags and add guard rails
  bpf: Add BPF_F_ADJ_ROOM_DECAP_* flags for tunnel decapsulation
  bpf: Refactor masks for ADJ_ROOM flags and encap validation
  bpf: Name the enum for BPF_FUNC_skb_adjust_room flags
  ...
2026-08-20 07:36:20 -07:00
Linus Torvalds
a4ff2be345 This update includes the following changes:
API:
 
 - Add af_alg_restrict sysctl and white list.
 - Fix potential suspend/resume races in hwrng.
 
 Algorithms:
 
 - Optimize vli additive operations using compiler builtins in ecc.
 
 Drivers:
 
 - Remove unsafe/deprecated algorithms from qce.
 - Mark qce as BROKEN.
 - Add runtime PM and interconnect bandwidth scaling support to qce.
 - Remove crypto_rng from qcom, sun8i and caam.
 - Fix SG list issues in iaa.
 - Fix SEV init path bugs in ccp.
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Merge tag 'v7.3-p1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6

Pull crypto update from Herbert Xu:
 "API:
   - Add af_alg_restrict sysctl and white list
   - Fix potential suspend/resume races in hwrng

  Algorithms:
   - Optimize vli additive operations using compiler builtins in ecc

  Drivers:
   - Remove unsafe/deprecated algorithms from qce
   - Mark qce as BROKEN
   - Add runtime PM and interconnect bandwidth scaling support to qce
   - Remove crypto_rng from qcom, sun8i and caam
   - Fix SG list issues in iaa
   - Fix SEV init path bugs in ccp"

* tag 'v7.3-p1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6: (122 commits)
  crypto: lskcipher - propagate errors from unaligned crypt
  crypto: keembay - use crypto_memneq() to compare CCM AEAD tags
  crypto: keembay - use crypto_memneq() to compare GCM AEAD tags
  crypto: sa2ul - use crypto_memneq() to compare AEAD tag
  hwrng: drivers - use named initializers for acpi_device_id
  crypto: qce - fix CCM AAD buffer underallocation
  crypto: iaa - unmap dst before software fallback on decompress
  crypto: iaa - use bounce buffer for multi-sg decompress input
  crypto: iaa - avoid counting fallback decompression bytes
  crypto: iaa - fall back to software for multi-entry scatterlists
  hwrng: core - Stop/start hwrng_fillfn() kthread before/after suspend-resume
  crypto: hisilicon/sec2 - fix CCM algorithm long packet failure
  crypto: eip93 - use struct_size() and flexible array for ring allocation
  crypto: krb5 - use kfree_sensitive() for derived key buffers
  crypto: af_alg - Stop after finding name in allowlist
  crypto: af_alg - Replace 'bool privileged' with flags
  crypto: af_alg - Make cbc(paes) privileged-only
  hwrng: imx-rngc - Disable clock on registration failure
  crypto: qat - remove dead ADF_HEX code
  crypto: qce - simplify qce_handle_request
  ...
2026-08-19 17:25:42 -07:00
Linus Torvalds
a51ec5e8e5 integrity-v7.3
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Merge tag 'integrity-v7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity

Pull integrity updates from Mimi Zohar:

 - TPM initialization is sometimes delayed until deferred_probe_initcall

   Since ordering is not guaranteed within the same initcall level, IMA
   may initialize before the TPM and fall back to TPM-bypass mode. A new
   config option, CONFIG_IMA_INIT_LATE_SYNC, allows those building the
   kernel to defer IMA initialization to late_initcall_sync, accepting
   the integrity risk of missing early measurements in exchange for
   avoiding TPM-bypass mode.

 - The raw policy rules are now measured, as well as the complete
   policy, closing a gap in integrity measurement coverage

* tag 'integrity-v7.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity:
  ima: measure userspace policy writes before parsing
  ima: add critical data measurement for loaded policy
  security: ima: rename boot_aggregate when ima is initialised at late_sync
  security: ima: introduce IMA_INIT_LATE_SYNC option
  security: lsm: allow LSMs to register for late_initcall_sync init
2026-08-19 17:17:17 -07:00
Linus Torvalds
cbad8981fa Patches for v7.3
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Merge tag 'Smack-for-7.3' of https://github.com/cschaufler/smack-next

Pull smack updates from Casey Schaufler:

 - Spelling fix

 - Code optimization in smackfs

 - Fix credential mis-uses

 - Place limits on two of the smackfs interfaces

* tag 'Smack-for-7.3' of https://github.com/cschaufler/smack-next:
  smack: fix cred UAF in smack_file_send_sigiotask()
  smack: restrict smackfs/{direct,mapped} values to 0-255
  smack: deduplicate smackfs/{direct,mapped} file_operations
  smack: show msgrcv() subject task in audit
  smack: fix incorrect task context in smack_msg_queue_msgrcv
  security: smack: fix spelling mistake
  smack: simplify write handlers of sysfs entries
  Smack: Fix error in capability bypass
2026-08-19 16:51:39 -07:00