n8n/packages/@n8n/instance-ai/SPECS.md

Instance AI Native Agents Rewrite

Status: Draft Last updated: 2026-05-05

Goal

Rewrite @n8n/instance-ai to run exclusively on the native n8n agents framework in packages/@n8n/agents.

This is a full runtime rewrite, not an incremental compatibility migration. Mastra must be removed from Instance AI entirely. Existing Instance AI runtime data does not need to be preserved. The migration may introduce fresh tables, drop obsolete Instance AI tables, or truncate existing Instance AI data if that produces a cleaner native agents persistence model.

The external product contract should remain stable: the chat API, SSE protocol, frontend reducer, task UI, HITL confirmations, and domain behavior should keep working unless a deliberate @n8n/api-types change is called out in this spec.

Hard Requirements

• No @mastra/* imports in packages/@n8n/instance-ai.
• No @mastra/* imports in packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai.
• Remove Mastra dependencies from packages/@n8n/instance-ai/package.json.
• Orchestrator agents and sub-agents use @n8n/agents Agent.
• Tools are rewritten to native @n8n/agents Tool definitions.
• HITL uses native tool suspend() / resume() and CheckpointStore.
• Streams use native StreamResult and StreamChunk.
• Memory uses native BuiltMemory plus n8n TypeORM-backed storage.
• Runtime checkpoints use a native TypeORM-backed CheckpointStore.
• Workspace integration uses @n8n/agents Workspace, BaseFilesystem, and BaseSandbox, with concrete providers owned by Instance AI or moved into @n8n/agents if they become generally useful.
• Model config uses @n8n/agents ModelConfig and AI SDK v6-compatible model instances.

Non-Goals

• Preserve old Mastra chat messages, checkpoints, workflow snapshots, or observational memory.
• Keep a Mastra-shaped tool compatibility adapter.
• Recreate Mastra ToolSearchProcessor in the first rewrite.
• Recreate Mastra observational memory in the first rewrite.
• Migrate old semantic recall embeddings.

Target Architecture

graph TB
    UI[Frontend Chat UI] --> API[Instance AI REST API]
    UI --> SSE[SSE Event Stream]

    API --> Service[InstanceAiService]
    Service --> Factory[Native Agent Factory]
    Factory --> Orchestrator["@n8n/agents Agent: orchestrator"]

    Orchestrator --> Tools[Native Tool Registry]
    Orchestrator --> Memory[TypeORM BuiltMemory]
    Orchestrator --> Checkpoints[TypeORM CheckpointStore]
    Orchestrator --> Events[Native StreamChunk Mapper]

    Tools --> Domain[n8n Domain Services]
    Tools --> HITL[Native suspend/resume]
    Tools --> SubAgents[Native Sub-Agents]
    Tools --> Workspace[Native Workspace]
    Tools --> MCP[Native MCP Client or native dynamic tools]

    SubAgents --> Memoryless[Stateless Runs]
    SubAgents --> Events

    Events --> Bus[Instance AI Event Bus]
    Bus --> SSE

Instance AI remains the product orchestration package. @n8n/agents becomes the execution engine.

Cutover Strategy

The merged implementation should have one runtime path: native agents.

Development can use temporary local branches or intermediate commits, but the final branch should not contain:

• a Mastra/native runtime feature flag
• a Mastra fallback path
• a Mastra-shaped tool adapter
• storage abstractions whose only purpose is preserving old Mastra data

Because Instance AI runtime data may be reset, the cutover is a schema and code replacement. The migration should leave the database in a native-agents-ready state and the application should create fresh threads, messages, checkpoints, and run snapshots after upgrade.

Component Mapping

Current Instance AI area	Native agents target	Notes
agent/instance-agent.ts	new Agent('n8n-instance-ai')	Replace Mastra agent, Mastra registration, MCP client wiring, and tool search.
agent/sub-agent-factory.ts	Native Agent	Keep Instance AI agentId as product metadata outside the native agent name.
agent/register-with-mastra.ts	Delete	Native checkpoints replace Mastra workflow snapshot registration.
tools/*	Native Tool definitions	Rewrite directly with new Tool(name). Shared helpers are allowed only for product concepts, not Mastra-shaped configs.
Tool HITL	Tool.suspend(schema).resume(schema)	Replace ctx.agent.suspend with native ctx.suspend; replace ctx.agent.resumeData with native ctx.resumeData.
Tool output shaping	Tool.toModelOutput() and Tool.toMessage()	Preserve truncation and custom message behavior where needed.
tools/orchestration/delegate.tool.ts	Native sub-agent streaming	maxSteps becomes maxIterations; no Mastra registration.
tools/orchestration/build-workflow-agent.tool.ts	Native builder agent	Builder sub-runs use native stream and HITL resume.
runtime/stream-runner.ts	Native stream runner	Use BuiltAgent.stream() and BuiltAgent.resume('stream', ...).
runtime/resumable-stream-executor.ts	Native stream executor	Read ReadableStream<StreamChunk>, accumulate text deltas, publish canonical Instance AI events.
stream/map-chunk.ts	Native chunk mapper	Map native StreamChunk to InstanceAiEvent.
memory/memory-config.ts	Native Memory builder	Use BuiltMemory, lastMessages, optional semantic recall, no working memory initially.
storage/*	Native storage abstractions	Replace Mastra-memory-backed metadata storage with TypeORM-backed services.
workspace/*	Native Workspace providers	Rewrite local, Daytona, and n8n-sandbox adapters against agents workspace interfaces.
mcp/*	Native McpClient or dynamic native tools	Keep schema sanitization only where still required by providers.
compaction/*	Native Agent.generate()	Keep operational summarization, but do not depend on observational memory.
tracing/*	Native telemetry plus Instance AI spans	Prefer @n8n/agents telemetry and events; keep product-level LangSmith spans if they provide missing detail.

Native Type Surface

Replace Mastra-facing types in src/types.ts with native types.

import type {
	BuiltMemory,
	BuiltTool,
	CheckpointStore,
	ModelConfig,
	Workspace,
} from '@n8n/agents';

export type InstanceAiToolRegistry = Record<string, BuiltTool>;

export interface InstanceAiMemoryConfig {
	memory: BuiltMemory;
	checkpointStore: CheckpointStore;
	embedderModel?: string;
	lastMessages?: number;
	semanticRecallTopK?: number;
	threadTtlDays?: number;
}

OrchestrationContext should use:

• modelId: ModelConfig
• domainTools: InstanceAiToolRegistry
• mcpTools?: InstanceAiToolRegistry
• workspace?: Workspace
• no storage: MastraCompositeStore
• no Mastra Memory
• no Mastra ToolsInput

Sub-agents are stateless. If they need conversation context, pass explicit text or a small ThreadMessageReader service, not a memory instance that persists sub-agent turns.

Tool Rewrite Rules

All tools should be native tools.

const askUserTool = new Tool('ask-user')
	.description('Ask the user for information needed to continue.')
	.input(askUserInputSchema)
	.output(askUserOutputSchema)
	.suspend(askUserSuspendSchema)
	.resume(askUserResumeSchema)
	.handler(async (input, ctx) => {
		if (ctx.resumeData === undefined) {
			return await ctx.suspend(buildAskUserPayload(input));
		}

		return normalizeAskUserResume(ctx.resumeData);
	});

Rules:

• Keep existing tool names unless there is a deliberate prompt and event migration.
• Keep Zod schemas as the source of truth.
• Use ctx.suspend() for all confirmations, questions, plan reviews, credential flows, domain access decisions, and resource decisions.
• Use ctx.resumeData for resumed tool execution.
• Use toModelOutput() for large or sensitive tool results.
• Use toMessage() only when Instance AI needs a custom stored message.
• Do not add a helper that accepts Mastra-style { id, inputSchema, execute } configs.

Stream And Event Mapping

Instance AI keeps its canonical event protocol. Only the runtime chunk source changes.

Native StreamChunk	Instance AI event
text-delta	text-delta
reasoning-delta	reasoning-delta
message with tool-call content	tool-call
message with tool-result content	tool-result or tool-error
tool-call-suspended	confirmation-request
finish	Usage accounting and run finalization
error	error and failed run finalization

The public Instance AI runId and native agents runId are different concepts:

• Instance AI runId: product-level run identifier used by SSE and UI state.
• Native agentRunId: native agents checkpoint/resume identifier.

Rename all internal mastraRunId fields to agentRunId.

Persistence Model

Data loss for existing Instance AI runtime data is acceptable. The rewrite should use fresh native agents persistence and avoid translating old Mastra records.

Tables To Keep Or Recreate

Table	Target use
instance_ai_threads	Native BuiltMemory threads. Keep id, resourceId, title, metadata, timestamps.
instance_ai_messages	Native AgentDbMessage persistence. Recreate or alter as needed.
instance_ai_resources	Optional native working memory storage. Working memory remains disabled initially.
instance_ai_run_snapshots	UI agent tree snapshots. Recreate empty if the migration resets all Instance AI data.
instance_ai_iteration_logs	Workflow-loop attempt history. Recreate empty if the migration resets all Instance AI data.
ai_builder_temporary_workflow	Keep behavior, but account for its FK to instance_ai_threads during destructive migrations.

Tables To Remove Or Stop Using

Table	Replacement
instance_ai_workflow_snapshots	New native instance_ai_checkpoints table.
instance_ai_observational_memory	No replacement in the first rewrite. Keep compaction instead.

New Tables

instance_ai_checkpoints

Backs @n8n/agents CheckpointStore.

Column	Type	Notes
key	varchar primary	Opaque key passed by native agents.
runId	varchar indexed	Native agentRunId when available.
threadId	uuid nullable indexed	Useful for cleanup and debugging.
resourceId	varchar nullable indexed	User/resource owner.
state	text or json	Serialized SerializableAgentState.
timestamps	standard	Required for TTL cleanup.

load(key) must be atomic enough that two concurrent resume attempts cannot both receive and execute the same checkpoint. Prefer transaction plus row lock where supported, followed by delete.

instance_ai_embeddings

Optional table for native semantic recall. This can be skipped in the first implementation if semantic recall is disabled until a vector strategy is chosen.

Column	Type	Notes
id	varchar primary	Embedding row id.
messageId	varchar indexed	Associated message.
threadId	uuid nullable indexed	Thread scope.
resourceId	varchar nullable indexed	Resource scope.
scope	varchar	thread or resource.
model	varchar	Embedder model id.
text	text	Source text used for embedding.
vector	text or blob	JSON vector unless a DB-native vector type is introduced.

Migration Strategy

Add a new common DB migration for the native agents rewrite.

The migration may reset Instance AI data. It must not affect non-Instance-AI tables.

Recommended approach:

1. Delete rows from ai_builder_temporary_workflow to release thread FKs.
2. Delete rows from existing Instance AI runtime tables.
3. Drop obsolete Instance AI tables:
   • instance_ai_workflow_snapshots
   • instance_ai_observational_memory
4. Recreate or alter instance_ai_messages for native AgentDbMessage storage.
5. Create instance_ai_checkpoints.
6. Optionally create instance_ai_embeddings.
7. Keep or recreate instance_ai_run_snapshots and instance_ai_iteration_logs empty.

No backfill is required. Old chats, suspended runs, observations, and semantic recall state may be lost.

Backend Storage Adapters

Implement these in packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/storage/:

• TypeORMAgentMemory implements BuiltMemory
• TypeORMAgentCheckpointStore implements CheckpointStore
• Optional TypeORMAgentEmbeddingStore if semantic recall ships in the first rewrite

Delete or retire:

• TypeORMCompositeStore
• TypeORMWorkflowsStorage
• Mastra memory storage inheritance

Thread metadata remains the storage location for:

• task state
• planned task graph
• workflow loop state
• compaction metadata

Use a small native interface for metadata access instead of passing memory as a Mastra object:

export interface ThreadMetadataStore {
	get(threadId: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>>;
	patch(threadId: string, patch: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<void>;
}

Workspace Rewrite

@n8n/agents provides workspace interfaces and base classes, not the concrete Instance AI providers.

Rewrite:

• Daytona filesystem and sandbox provider
• local filesystem and sandbox provider
• n8n-sandbox filesystem and sandbox provider
• builder sandbox factory
• workspace snapshot restore flow

The first rewrite may keep concrete providers in @n8n/instance-ai. Move them to @n8n/agents only if they become generic SDK functionality.

MCP Rewrite

External MCP servers should use native McpClient when possible.

Local gateway tools and dynamically discovered tools should become native BuiltTools. JSON Schema input from MCP should continue to be converted to Zod before being registered as native tools.

Tracing

Use native agents telemetry and lifecycle events as the default integration point.

Keep Instance AI product-level LangSmith spans only where native telemetry does not expose enough structure for:

• product run
• orchestrator turn
• sub-agent run
• tool execution
• background task
• workflow build loop

Testing Plan

Unit tests:

• native tool definitions for HITL tools
• native stream chunk to Instance AI event mapping
• native resume flow with checkpoint persistence
• TypeORM BuiltMemory
• TypeORM CheckpointStore
• thread metadata storage
• service run state registry using agentRunId

Integration tests:

• orchestrator run streams text and tool events
• HITL suspend, confirmation, resume
• delegated sub-agent run
• planned task approval and execution
• builder agent background task
• workspace filesystem and sandbox operations

Package checks:

pushd packages/@n8n/agents
pnpm test
pnpm typecheck
popd

pushd packages/@n8n/instance-ai
pnpm test
pnpm typecheck
popd

pushd packages/cli
pnpm test instance-ai
pnpm typecheck
popd

Run broader checks before PR:

pnpm test:affected
pnpm typecheck

Implementation Milestones

1. Native type surface and dependency removal plan

   • Replace Mastra imports in public Instance AI types.
   • Define native tool registry, memory config, checkpoint config, and orchestration context.
   • Update docs and prompts that refer to Mastra runtime behavior.

2. Native persistence

   • Add native TypeORM entities and migration.
   • Implement BuiltMemory.
   • Implement CheckpointStore.
   • Replace thread metadata storage that currently depends on Mastra memory.

3. Native tools

   • Rewrite domain tools directly with Tool.
   • Rewrite HITL tools with native suspend/resume.
   • Rewrite dynamic local gateway and MCP-discovered tools as native tools.

4. Native agent factories and runtime

   • Rewrite orchestrator and sub-agent factories.
   • Rewrite stream runner, resume flow, and event mapper.
   • Rename mastraRunId to agentRunId.

5. Native workspace, MCP, and tracing

   • Rewrite workspace providers.
   • Replace Mastra MCP usage.
   • Move tracing to native telemetry/events where possible.

6. Cleanup and verification

   • Delete retired Mastra storage and registration files.
   • Remove Mastra dependencies.
   • Run targeted tests and typechecks.
   • Verify no @mastra/* imports remain.

Implementation TODO

• Replace Mastra types in packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/types.ts.
• Remove Mastra dependencies from packages/@n8n/instance-ai/package.json.
• Rewrite orchestrator factory with native Agent.
• Rewrite sub-agent factory with native Agent.
• Delete Mastra registration logic.
• Rewrite all tools to native Tool.
• Rewrite orchestration tools for native streaming and resume.
• Rewrite stream runner and stream executor for native StreamChunk.
• Rename internal mastraRunId to agentRunId.
• Implement native chunk to Instance AI event mapper.
• Implement TypeORM BuiltMemory.
• Implement TypeORM CheckpointStore.
• Add fresh DB migration for native Instance AI persistence.
• Remove TypeORMCompositeStore from the active runtime path.
• Remove TypeORMWorkflowsStorage from the active runtime path.
• Remove observational memory runtime usage.
• Keep or replace compaction as the operational long-context mechanism.
• Rewrite workspace providers against native agents workspace interfaces.
• Replace Mastra MCP usage with native MCP or native dynamic tools.
• Update LangSmith tracing to native telemetry/events where possible.
• Update docs that mention Mastra runtime behavior.
• Add tests for the native runtime path.
• Verify no @mastra/* imports remain.

Acceptance Criteria

• rg "@mastra/" packages/@n8n/instance-ai packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai returns no active runtime imports.
• packages/@n8n/instance-ai/package.json has no Mastra dependencies.
• A new Instance AI thread can run from user message to streamed final answer.
• HITL confirmation suspends and resumes through native CheckpointStore.
• Delegated sub-agents run on native Agent.
• Planned tasks and workflow loop still persist thread-scoped state.
• Existing Instance AI frontend can consume the SSE stream without reducer changes.
• Old Instance AI data may be absent after migration, but non-Instance-AI data is untouched.