"""
================================================================================
File: 03_sets.py
Topic: Python Sets - Unordered Collections of Unique Elements
================================================================================

This file demonstrates Python sets, which are unordered collections that
store only unique elements. Sets are highly optimized for membership testing
and mathematical set operations.

Key Concepts:
- Creating sets
- Adding and removing elements
- Set operations (union, intersection, difference)
- Frozen sets (immutable sets)
- Use cases for sets

================================================================================
"""

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Creating Sets
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Sets are created with curly braces {} or set()

print("--- Creating Sets ---")

# Using curly braces
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(f"Fruits set: {fruits}")

# Duplicates are automatically removed
numbers = {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4}
print(f"Numbers (duplicates removed): {numbers}")

# Empty set - must use set(), not {}
empty_set = set()  # {} creates an empty dictionary!
print(f"Empty set: {empty_set}, type: {type(empty_set)}")
print(f"Empty dict: {{}}, type: {type({})}")

# From other iterables
from_list = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
from_string = set("hello")  # Unique characters
from_tuple = set((10, 20, 30))
print(f"\nFrom list: {from_list}")
print(f"From string 'hello': {from_string}")
print(f"From tuple: {from_tuple}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 2. Set Characteristics
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Unordered, no duplicates, no indexing

print("\n--- Set Characteristics ---")

colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}

# Sets are unordered - no indexing
# colors[0]  # This would raise an error!

# Check membership (very fast - O(1))
print(f"'red' in colors: {'red' in colors}")
print(f"'yellow' in colors: {'yellow' in colors}")

# Length
print(f"Number of colors: {len(colors)}")

# Sets can only contain immutable (hashable) elements
valid_set = {1, "hello", (1, 2), 3.14}  # OK
# invalid_set = {1, [2, 3]}  # Error! Lists are not hashable

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 3. Adding and Removing Elements
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Adding and Removing Elements ---")

languages = {"Python", "Java"}
print(f"Initial: {languages}")

# add() - Add single element
languages.add("JavaScript")
print(f"After add('JavaScript'): {languages}")

# Adding duplicate has no effect
languages.add("Python")
print(f"After add('Python'): {languages}")

# update() - Add multiple elements
languages.update(["C++", "Rust"])
print(f"After update(['C++', 'Rust']): {languages}")

# remove() - Remove element (raises error if not found)
languages.remove("Java")
print(f"After remove('Java'): {languages}")

# discard() - Remove element (no error if not found)
languages.discard("Go")  # No error even though "Go" isn't in set
print(f"After discard('Go'): {languages}")

# pop() - Remove and return an arbitrary element
popped = languages.pop()
print(f"Popped: {popped}, Remaining: {languages}")

# clear() - Remove all elements
temp_set = {1, 2, 3}
temp_set.clear()
print(f"After clear(): {temp_set}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 4. Set Operations - Mathematical Operations
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Set Operations ---")

a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
b = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

print(f"Set A: {a}")
print(f"Set B: {b}")

# Union - Elements in A or B or both
union = a | b  # or a.union(b)
print(f"\nUnion (A | B): {union}")

# Intersection - Elements in both A and B
intersection = a & b  # or a.intersection(b)
print(f"Intersection (A & B): {intersection}")

# Difference - Elements in A but not in B
difference = a - b  # or a.difference(b)
print(f"Difference (A - B): {difference}")

difference_ba = b - a
print(f"Difference (B - A): {difference_ba}")

# Symmetric Difference - Elements in A or B but not both
sym_diff = a ^ b  # or a.symmetric_difference(b)
print(f"Symmetric Difference (A ^ B): {sym_diff}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 5. Set Comparison Operations
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Set Comparisons ---")

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
subset = {2, 3}
same = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
different = {6, 7, 8}

print(f"numbers: {numbers}")
print(f"subset: {subset}")

# issubset() - Is subset contained in numbers?
print(f"\nsubset.issubset(numbers): {subset.issubset(numbers)}")
print(f"subset <= numbers: {subset <= numbers}")

# issuperset() - Does numbers contain subset?
print(f"numbers.issuperset(subset): {numbers.issuperset(subset)}")
print(f"numbers >= subset: {numbers >= subset}")

# isdisjoint() - Do they share any elements?
print(f"\nnumbers.isdisjoint(different): {numbers.isdisjoint(different)}")
print(f"numbers.isdisjoint(subset): {numbers.isdisjoint(subset)}")

# Equality
print(f"\nnumbers == same: {numbers == same}")
print(f"numbers == subset: {numbers == subset}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 6. Update Operations (Modify in Place)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Update Operations ---")

# These modify the set in place instead of creating new ones

x = {1, 2, 3}
y = {3, 4, 5}

# update() - Union in place (|=)
x_copy = x.copy()
x_copy.update(y)  # or x_copy |= y
print(f"After update (union): {x_copy}")

# intersection_update() - Intersection in place (&=)
x_copy = x.copy()
x_copy.intersection_update(y)  # or x_copy &= y
print(f"After intersection_update: {x_copy}")

# difference_update() - Difference in place (-=)
x_copy = x.copy()
x_copy.difference_update(y)  # or x_copy -= y
print(f"After difference_update: {x_copy}")

# symmetric_difference_update() - Symmetric difference in place (^=)
x_copy = x.copy()
x_copy.symmetric_difference_update(y)  # or x_copy ^= y
print(f"After symmetric_difference_update: {x_copy}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 7. Frozen Sets (Immutable Sets)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Frozen Sets ---")

# Frozen sets are immutable versions of sets
frozen = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(f"Frozen set: {frozen}")

# Can perform operations but not modify
print(f"3 in frozen: {3 in frozen}")
print(f"len(frozen): {len(frozen)}")

# These would raise errors:
# frozen.add(6)
# frozen.remove(1)

# Frozen sets can be used as dictionary keys or set elements
nested = {frozenset([1, 2]), frozenset([3, 4])}
print(f"Set of frozensets: {nested}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 8. Set Comprehensions
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Set Comprehensions ---")

# Basic set comprehension
squares = {x**2 for x in range(1, 6)}
print(f"Squares: {squares}")

# With condition
even_squares = {x**2 for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0}
print(f"Even squares: {even_squares}")

# From string - unique vowels
text = "Hello, World!"
vowels = {char.lower() for char in text if char.lower() in "aeiou"}
print(f"Unique vowels in '{text}': {vowels}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 9. Practical Use Cases
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Practical Use Cases ---")

# 1. Remove duplicates from a list
my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4]
unique_list = list(set(my_list))
print(f"Remove duplicates: {my_list} → {unique_list}")

# 2. Find common elements
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
list2 = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
common = set(list1) & set(list2)
print(f"Common elements: {common}")

# 3. Find unique elements across lists
all_elements = set(list1) | set(list2)
print(f"All unique elements: {all_elements}")

# 4. Check if all required items exist
required_skills = {"Python", "SQL", "Git"}
candidate_skills = {"Python", "SQL", "Git", "Docker", "AWS"}
has_all_required = required_skills.issubset(candidate_skills)
print(f"\nCandidate has all required skills: {has_all_required}")

# 5. Find missing items
available_items = {"apple", "banana", "orange"}
shopping_list = {"apple", "milk", "bread", "banana"}
need_to_buy = shopping_list - available_items
print(f"Need to buy: {need_to_buy}")

# 6. Count unique words
text = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
unique_words = set(text.split())
print(f"\nUnique words in text: {len(unique_words)}")
print(f"Words: {unique_words}")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 10. Performance: Sets vs Lists for Membership Testing
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

print("\n--- Performance Note ---")

# Sets use hash tables - O(1) lookup
# Lists use linear search - O(n) lookup

big_list = list(range(10000))
big_set = set(range(10000))

# For membership testing:
# 9999 in big_list  # Slow - checks up to 10000 elements
# 9999 in big_set   # Fast - direct hash lookup

print("For membership testing, sets are MUCH faster than lists!")
print("Use sets when you frequently check if items exist in a collection.")