🚀 Release 2.32.4 (#34849)

Co-authored-by: n8n-release-helper[bot] <265227495+n8n-release-helper[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/scripts/set-latest-for-monorepo-packages.mjs

@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
+import semver from 'semver';
+
 import { getMonorepoProjects } from './pnpm-utils.mjs';
 
 const NPM_REGISTRY = 'https://registry.npmjs.org';
 
+// Standalone packages release from master out-of-sync with the main pipeline
+// (release-standalone-package.yml), so their `latest` follows the newest beta
+// on npm instead of the version recorded in the stable checkout.
+const STANDALONE_PACKAGES_FOLLOWING_BETA = new Set([
+	'@n8n/create-node',
+	'@n8n/eslint-plugin-community-nodes',
+	'@n8n/scan-community-package',
+]);
+
 /**
  * @param {string} name
  * @param {string} version
@@ -23,6 +34,30 @@ async function setDistTag(name, version, tag, token) {
 	});
 }
 
+/** @param {string} name */
+async function getDistTags(name) {
+	const res = await fetch(`${NPM_REGISTRY}/-/package/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/dist-tags`);
+	if (!res.ok) {
+		throw new Error(`Failed to fetch dist-tags for ${name}: HTTP ${res.status}`);
+	}
+	return await res.json();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the version `latest` should point at, or null if no move is needed.
+ * Standalone packages follow the npm `beta` dist-tag; a standalone release
+ * from master may already have pushed `latest` past beta, so never downgrade.
+ * @param {import('./pnpm-utils.mjs').PnpmPackage} pkg
+ */
+export async function resolveLatestVersion(pkg) {
+	if (!STANDALONE_PACKAGES_FOLLOWING_BETA.has(pkg.name)) return pkg.version;
+
+	const tags = await getDistTags(pkg.name);
+	const target = tags.beta ?? pkg.version;
+	if (tags.latest && semver.gte(tags.latest, target)) return null;
+	return target;
+}
+
 async function setLatestForMonorepoPackages() {
 	const token = process.env.NPM_TOKEN;
 	if (!token) {
@@ -39,10 +74,15 @@ async function setLatestForMonorepoPackages() {
 	const failures = [];
 
 	for (const pkg of publishedPackages) {
-		const versionName = `${pkg.name}@${pkg.version}`;
-
 		try {
-			const res = await setDistTag(pkg.name, pkg.version, 'latest', token);
+			const version = await resolveLatestVersion(pkg);
+			if (version === null) {
+				console.log(`Skipped ${pkg.name}: latest is already at or ahead of beta`);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			const versionName = `${pkg.name}@${version}`;
+			const res = await setDistTag(pkg.name, version, 'latest', token);
 
 			if (res.ok) {
 				console.log(`Set ${versionName} as latest`);
@@ -53,8 +93,8 @@ async function setLatestForMonorepoPackages() {
 			}
 		} catch (err) {
 			const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-			console.error(`Failed to set ${versionName} as latest: ${message}`);
+			console.error(`Failed to set latest for ${pkg.name}: ${message}`);
-			failures.push(versionName);
+			failures.push(pkg.name);
 		}
 	}
 

.github/scripts/set-latest-for-monorepo-packages.test.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { describe, it, before, afterEach } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+/**
+ * Run these tests by running
+ *
+ * node --test --experimental-test-module-mocks ./.github/scripts/set-latest-for-monorepo-packages.test.mjs
+ * */
+
+let resolveLatestVersion;
+before(async () => {
+	({ resolveLatestVersion } = await import('./set-latest-for-monorepo-packages.mjs'));
+});
+
+const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
+afterEach(() => {
+	globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;
+});
+
+function mockDistTags(tags) {
+	globalThis.fetch = async () => ({ ok: true, json: async () => tags });
+}
+
+describe('resolveLatestVersion', () => {
+	it('uses the checkout version for regular monorepo packages', async () => {
+		globalThis.fetch = async () => {
+			throw new Error('should not fetch dist-tags for regular packages');
+		};
+		const version = await resolveLatestVersion({ name: '@n8n/config', version: '1.2.3' });
+		assert.equal(version, '1.2.3');
+	});
+
+	it('pins standalone packages to the beta dist-tag', async () => {
+		mockDistTags({ beta: '0.40.1', latest: '0.39.3' });
+		const version = await resolveLatestVersion({ name: '@n8n/create-node', version: '0.39.3' });
+		assert.equal(version, '0.40.1');
+	});
+
+	it('never downgrades latest below a newer standalone release', async () => {
+		mockDistTags({ beta: '0.40.1', latest: '0.41.0' });
+		const version = await resolveLatestVersion({ name: '@n8n/create-node', version: '0.39.3' });
+		assert.equal(version, null);
+	});
+
+	it('skips standalone packages without a beta tag when latest is current', async () => {
+		mockDistTags({ latest: '0.25.0' });
+		const version = await resolveLatestVersion({
+			name: '@n8n/eslint-plugin-community-nodes',
+			version: '0.25.0',
+		});
+		assert.equal(version, null);
+	});
+});

.github/workflows/release-publish-post-release.yml

@@ -80,9 +80,12 @@ jobs:
 
   ensure-correct-latest-version-on-npm:
     name: Ensure correct latest version on npm
+    # Also runs on beta patches: standalone packages pin `latest` to the newest
+    # beta, so every beta publish needs a re-pin, not just stable promotions.
     if: |
       inputs.bump == 'minor' ||
-      (inputs.track == 'stable' && inputs.release_type != 'rc')
+      (inputs.track == 'stable' && inputs.release_type != 'rc') ||
+      (inputs.track == 'beta' && inputs.release_type != 'rc')
     uses: ./.github/workflows/release-set-stable-npm-packages-to-latest.yml
     secrets: inherit
 

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,31 @@
+## [2.32.4](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/compare/n8n@2.32.3...n8n@2.32.4) (2026-07-24)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* **core:** Fall back to the run's resolved model for AI Assistant verification LLM calls ([#34776](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/issues/34776)) ([14e48ba](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/14e48bacb974a76fbc73f385e25ad1540e47933a))
+* **core:** Stop Instance AI follow-up runs from looping when they keep failing before the agent starts ([#34772](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/issues/34772)) ([ebcaa72](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/ebcaa7225ac4b7cf282cbabbacf94e768ecfc6c5))
+
+
+## [2.32.3](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/compare/n8n@2.32.2...n8n@2.32.3) (2026-07-23)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* **editor:** Restore agent channel credential setup ([#34757](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/issues/34757)) ([53e48ee](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/53e48ee8b0ed802277fc94ee9a77e331a4e36788))
+
+
+## [2.32.2](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/compare/n8n@2.32.1...n8n@2.32.2) (2026-07-22)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* **editor:** Rename preview AI Agent node to V1 ([#34718](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/issues/34718)) ([d946424](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/d9464241d7245830aa6fd97a78fbe99b0c548fa6))
+
+
+## [2.32.1](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/compare/n8n@2.32.0...n8n@2.32.1) (2026-07-22)
+
+
 # [2.32.0](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/compare/n8n@2.31.0...n8n@2.32.0) (2026-07-21)
 
 

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "n8n-monorepo",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.4",
   "private": true,
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=22.22",
@@ -218,7 +218,8 @@
       "@lezer/highlight": "patches/@lezer__highlight.patch",
       "v-code-diff": "patches/v-code-diff.patch",
       "vuedraggable@4.1.0": "patches/vuedraggable@4.1.0.patch",
-      "assert@2.1.0": "patches/assert@2.1.0.patch"
+      "assert@2.1.0": "patches/assert@2.1.0.patch",
+      "lodash@4.18.1": "patches/lodash@4.18.1.patch"
     }
   }
 }

packages/@n8n/agents/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/agents",
-  "version": "0.17.0",
+  "version": "0.17.1",
   "description": "AI agent SDK for n8n's code-first execution engine",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "module": "dist/index.js",

packages/@n8n/ai-node-sdk/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/ai-node-sdk",
-  "version": "0.22.0",
+  "version": "0.22.1",
   "description": "SDK for building AI nodes in n8n",
   "types": "dist/esm/index.d.ts",
   "module": "dist/esm/index.js",

packages/@n8n/ai-utilities/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/ai-utilities",
-  "version": "0.25.0",
+  "version": "0.25.1",
   "description": "Utilities for building AI nodes in n8n",
   "types": "dist/esm/index.d.ts",
   "module": "dist/esm/index.js",

packages/@n8n/ai-utilities/src/__tests__/utils/http-proxy-agent.test.ts

@@ -245,6 +245,32 @@ describe('getProxyAgent', () => {
 			expect(Agent).toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
 	});
+
+	describe('secure lookup', () => {
+		it('should build an Agent with the lookup on connect when no proxy is configured', () => {
+			const lookup = vi.fn();
+
+			const agent = getProxyAgent('https://api.openai.com/v1', undefined, lookup);
+
+			expect(Agent).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ connect: { lookup } }));
+			expect(agent).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ type: 'Agent' }));
+			expect(ProxyAgent).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should not attach the lookup to a ProxyAgent when a proxy is configured', () => {
+			const proxyUrl = 'https://proxy.example.com:8080';
+			process.env.HTTPS_PROXY = proxyUrl;
+			const lookup = vi.fn();
+
+			getProxyAgent('https://api.openai.com/v1', undefined, lookup);
+
+			expect(ProxyAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ uri: proxyUrl }));
+			expect(ProxyAgent).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				expect.objectContaining({ connect: expect.anything() }),
+			);
+			expect(Agent).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
 });
 
 describe('proxyFetch', () => {

packages/@n8n/ai-utilities/src/utils/http-proxy-agent.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  * raw dispatcher). See CAT-3377 for the consolidation this completes.
  */
 import { createHttpsProxyAgent, resolveProxyUrl } from '@n8n/backend-network/proxy'; // `@n8n/backend-network/proxy` is a DI-free subpath: it pulls in only the proxy-agent libs
+import type { LookupFunction } from 'node:net';
 /* eslint-disable n8n-local-rules/no-uncentralized-http -- langchain consumers pin undici v6, incompatible with backend-network's v7 dispatchers; see block comment below */
 import { Agent, ProxyAgent } from 'undici';
 
@@ -49,15 +50,21 @@ const PROXY_FALLBACK_TARGET = 'https://example.nonexistent/';
  * @param targetUrl - The target URL to check proxy configuration for (optional)
  * @param timeoutOptions - Optional timeout configuration to override defaults. When provided,
  *                         always returns an Agent/ProxyAgent (even without proxy) to ensure timeouts are applied.
- * @returns An Agent (no proxy with timeout options) or ProxyAgent (with proxy) configured with timeouts,
+ * @param lookup - Optional DNS lookup to pin the resolved address at connect time (e.g. an egress
- *          or undefined if no proxy is configured and no timeout options are provided (backward compatible behavior).
+ *                 filter's secure lookup). When provided (without a proxy) an Agent is always returned.
+ * @returns An Agent (no proxy with timeout options or a lookup) or ProxyAgent (with proxy) configured with timeouts,
+ *          or undefined if no proxy, timeout options, nor lookup are provided (backward compatible behavior).
  *
  * @remarks
  * When timeoutOptions are provided, this function always returns an agent to ensure timeouts are properly configured.
  * The default undici timeouts (5 minutes) are too short for many AI operations.
  * When timeoutOptions are NOT provided, returns undefined if no proxy is configured (backward compatible).
  */
-export function getProxyAgent(targetUrl?: string, timeoutOptions?: AgentTimeoutOptions) {
+export function getProxyAgent(
+	targetUrl?: string,
+	timeoutOptions?: AgentTimeoutOptions,
+	lookup?: LookupFunction,
+) {
 	const proxyUrl = resolveProxyUrl(targetUrl, PROXY_FALLBACK_TARGET);
 
 	const agentOptions = {
@@ -69,6 +76,9 @@ export function getProxyAgent(targetUrl?: string, timeoutOptions?: AgentTimeoutO
 	};
 
 	if (!proxyUrl) {
+		if (lookup) {
+			return new Agent({ ...agentOptions, connect: { lookup } });
+		}
 		if (timeoutOptions) {
 			return new Agent(agentOptions);
 		}
@@ -85,14 +95,16 @@ export function getProxyAgent(targetUrl?: string, timeoutOptions?: AgentTimeoutO
  * @param input - The URL to fetch
  * @param init - Standard fetch RequestInit options
  * @param timeoutOptions - Optional timeout configuration to override defaults
+ * @param lookup - Optional connect-time DNS lookup (e.g. an egress filter's secure lookup)
  */
 export async function proxyFetch(
 	input: RequestInfo | URL,
 	init?: RequestInit,
 	timeoutOptions?: AgentTimeoutOptions,
+	lookup?: LookupFunction,
 ): Promise<Response> {
 	const targetUrl = input instanceof Request ? input.url : input.toString();
-	const dispatcher = getProxyAgent(targetUrl, timeoutOptions);
+	const dispatcher = getProxyAgent(targetUrl, timeoutOptions, lookup);
 
 	return await fetch(input, {
 		...init,

packages/@n8n/ai-workflow-builder.ee/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/ai-workflow-builder",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",

packages/@n8n/api-types/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/api-types",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/backend-common/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/backend-common",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/backend-network/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/backend-network",
-  "version": "1.6.0",
+  "version": "1.6.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/backend-test-utils/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/backend-test-utils",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/chat-hub/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/chat-hub",
-  "version": "1.25.0",
+  "version": "1.25.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/client-oauth2/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/client-oauth2",
-  "version": "1.14.0",
+  "version": "1.14.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/computer-use/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/computer-use",
-  "version": "0.16.0",
+  "version": "0.16.1",
   "description": "Local AI gateway for n8n AI Assistant — filesystem, shell, screenshots, mouse/keyboard, and browser automation",
   "publishConfig": {
     "bin": {

packages/@n8n/computer-use/src/tools/filesystem/search-files.test.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import fastGlob from 'fast-glob';
 import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
 import * as os from 'node:os';
 import * as path from 'node:path';
@@ -5,6 +6,11 @@ import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { textOf } from '../test-utils';
 import { searchFilesTool } from './search-files';
 
+vi.mock('fast-glob', async (importOriginal) => {
+	const actual = await importOriginal<{ default: typeof fastGlob }>();
+	return { default: vi.fn(actual.default) };
+});
+
 type FileMatch = { path: string };
 type ContentMatch = { path: string; lineNumber: number; line: string };
 
@@ -252,6 +258,10 @@ describe('searchFilesTool', () => {
 	});
 
 	describe('execute — security', () => {
+		afterEach(() => {
+			vi.mocked(fastGlob).mockClear();
+		});
+
 		it.each(['/etc/passwd', '../../etc/passwd', '../../../etc/**'])(
 			'rejects pattern that escapes the base directory: %s',
 			async (pattern) => {
@@ -260,6 +270,73 @@ describe('searchFilesTool', () => {
 				);
 			},
 		);
+
+		it('drops matches that resolve outside the base even when the pattern passes', async () => {
+			// The pattern contains no literal `..`, but glob expansion produces a match
+			// that resolves outside the base directory.
+			vi.mocked(fastGlob).mockResolvedValueOnce(['../SECRET.txt']);
+
+			const result = await searchFilesTool.execute({ name: '{a,..}/SECRET.txt' }, context);
+			const data = parseResult<NameOnlyResult>(result);
+
+			expect(data.matches).toEqual([]);
+			expect(data.totalMatches).toBe(0);
+		});
+
+		it('does not read the contents of a match that resolves outside the base', async () => {
+			// `query` is set, so a match that slipped through would be read and returned.
+			vi.mocked(fastGlob).mockResolvedValueOnce(['../SECRET.txt']);
+
+			const result = await searchFilesTool.execute(
+				{ name: '{a,..}/SECRET.txt', query: 'SECRET' },
+				context,
+			);
+			const data = parseResult<ContentResult>(result);
+
+			expect(data.matches).toEqual([]);
+			expect(data.totalMatches).toBe(0);
+		});
+
+		it('keeps in-base matches while dropping ones outside the base', async () => {
+			await writeFile(baseDir, 'inside.txt', 'value');
+			// Glob expansion can yield both an in-base and an out-of-base match.
+			vi.mocked(fastGlob).mockResolvedValueOnce(['inside.txt', '../SECRET.txt']);
+
+			const result = await searchFilesTool.execute({ name: '{.,..}/inside.txt' }, context);
+			const data = parseResult<NameOnlyResult>(result);
+
+			expect(data.matches).toEqual([{ path: 'inside.txt' }]);
+			expect(data.totalMatches).toBe(1);
+		});
+
+		it('does not return a file that lives outside the base directory', async () => {
+			// The target file sits one level above the sandbox base.
+			const outerDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'search-files-outer-'));
+			const sandbox = path.join(outerDir, 'sandbox');
+			await fs.mkdir(sandbox);
+			await fs.writeFile(path.join(outerDir, 'SECRET.txt'), 'SECRET=topsecret');
+
+			// The tool either rejects the pattern or, on glob versions that expand it
+			// differently, returns no match — never the outside file's content.
+			const runSearch = async (): Promise<string> => {
+				try {
+					const result = await searchFilesTool.execute(
+						{ name: '{a,..}/SECRET.txt', query: 'SECRET' },
+						{ dir: sandbox },
+					);
+					return textOf(result);
+				} catch (error) {
+					expect(String(error)).toContain('escapes the base directory');
+					return '';
+				}
+			};
+
+			try {
+				expect(await runSearch()).not.toContain('topsecret');
+			} finally {
+				await fs.rm(outerDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+			}
+		});
 	});
 
 	describe('CallToolResult shape', () => {

packages/@n8n/computer-use/src/tools/filesystem/search-files.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import fastGlob from 'fast-glob';
 import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
-import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import type { ToolDefinition } from '../types';
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ export const searchFilesTool: ToolDefinition<typeof inputSchema> = {
 		const resolvedDir = await resolveReadablePath(dir, '.');
 		const limit = maxResults ?? 50;
 
-		const files = await fastGlob(name, {
+		const globbed = await fastGlob(name, {
 			cwd: resolvedDir,
 			ignore: IGNORE_PATTERNS,
 			onlyFiles: true,
@@ -70,63 +69,77 @@ export const searchFilesTool: ToolDefinition<typeof inputSchema> = {
 			suppressErrors: true,
 		});
 
+		// The literal-pattern check above cannot see paths produced by glob expansion,
+		// so re-resolve every match through the shared resolver, which re-checks
+		// containment (following symlinks safely) and drops anything outside the base.
+		const resolved = await Promise.all(
+			globbed.map(async (path) => {
+				const absolutePath = await resolveReadablePath(dir, path).catch(() => null);
+				return absolutePath ? { path, absolutePath } : null;
+			}),
+		);
+		const files = resolved.filter((file): file is ResolvedFile => file !== null);
+
 		if (!query) {
-			const matches = files.slice(0, limit).map((p) => ({ path: p }));
 			return formatCallToolResult({
 				name,
-				matches,
+				matches: files.slice(0, limit).map(({ path }) => ({ path })),
 				truncated: files.length > limit,
 				totalMatches: files.length,
 			});
 		}
 
-		const regex = new RegExp(escapeRegex(query), ignoreCase ? 'gi' : 'g');
+		const regex = new RegExp(escapeRegex(query), ignoreCase ? 'i' : '');
-		const matches: Array<{ path: string; lineNumber: number; line: string }> = [];
+		const matches = await Promise.all(files.map(async (file) => await grepFile(file, regex))).then(
-		let totalMatches = 0;
+			(results) => results.flat(),
-
+		);
-		for (const fp of files) {
-			if (matches.length >= limit) break;
-
-			try {
-				const fullPath = path.join(resolvedDir, fp);
-				const stat = await fs.stat(fullPath);
-				if (stat.size > MAX_FILE_SIZE) continue;
-
-				const fileContent = await fs.readFile(fullPath);
-				const buffer = Buffer.isBuffer(fileContent) ? fileContent : Buffer.from(fileContent);
-				if (isLikelyBinaryContent(buffer)) continue;
-
-				const lines = buffer.toString('utf-8').split('\n');
-				for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
-					if (regex.test(lines[i])) {
-						totalMatches++;
-						if (matches.length < limit) {
-							matches.push({ path: fp, lineNumber: i + 1, line: lines[i].substring(0, 200) });
-						}
-					}
-					regex.lastIndex = 0;
-				}
-			} catch {
-				// Skip unreadable files
-			}
-		}
 
 		return formatCallToolResult({
 			name,
 			query,
-			matches,
+			matches: matches.slice(0, limit),
-			truncated: totalMatches > limit,
+			truncated: matches.length > limit,
-			totalMatches,
+			totalMatches: matches.length,
 		});
 	},
 };
 
+interface ResolvedFile {
+	path: string;
+	absolutePath: string;
+}
+
 function assertPatternStaysInside(pattern: string): void {
 	if (pattern.startsWith('/') || pattern.split('/').includes('..')) {
 		throw new Error(`Pattern "${pattern}" escapes the base directory`);
 	}
 }
 
+async function grepFile(
+	file: ResolvedFile,
+	regex: RegExp,
+): Promise<Array<{ path: string; lineNumber: number; line: string }>> {
+	try {
+		const stat = await fs.stat(file.absolutePath);
+		if (stat.size > MAX_FILE_SIZE) return [];
+
+		const buffer = await fs.readFile(file.absolutePath);
+		if (isLikelyBinaryContent(buffer)) return [];
+
+		const lines = buffer.toString('utf-8').split('\n');
+		const hits: Array<{ path: string; lineNumber: number; line: string }> = [];
+		for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+			if (regex.test(lines[i])) {
+				hits.push({ path: file.path, lineNumber: i + 1, line: lines[i].substring(0, 200) });
+			}
+		}
+		return hits;
+	} catch {
+		// Unreadable file
+		return [];
+	}
+}
+
 function escapeRegex(str: string): string {
 	return str.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
 }

packages/@n8n/create-node/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/create-node",
-  "version": "0.40.0",
+  "version": "0.40.1",
   "description": "Official CLI to create new community nodes for n8n",
   "bin": {
     "create-node": "bin/create-node.cjs"

packages/@n8n/db/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/db",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo .tmp-schema-docs",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/decorators/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/decorators",
-  "version": "1.32.0",
+  "version": "1.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/expression-runtime/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/expression-runtime",
-  "version": "0.23.0",
+  "version": "0.23.1",
   "description": "Secure, isolated expression evaluation runtime for n8n",
   "main": "dist/cjs/index.js",
   "module": "dist/esm/index.js",

packages/@n8n/expression-runtime/src/__tests__/integration.test.ts

@@ -377,6 +377,72 @@ describe('Integration: ExpressionEvaluator + IsolatedVmBridge', () => {
 		expect(result).toBe('name,age,city');
 	});
 
+	it('should not leak host references through non-index array access', () => {
+		// Reading a non-index key like $json.a.constructor must return undefined,
+		// so a guest can't walk from an array to the host Object prototype.
+		const data = { $json: { a: [1337] } };
+		const expression = `{{
+  (function() {
+    const hostLookupParams = (() => eval)()(\`(args, res) => {
+      const _copy = {copy: true};
+      const _reference = {reference: true};
+      const params = {};
+      params.arguments = args === 'copy' ? _copy : _reference;
+      params.result = res === 'copy' ? _copy : _reference;
+      return params;
+    }\`);
+    const refs = (() => eval)()(\`
+(function () { return arguments.callee.caller.caller.caller.arguments })()
+\`);
+    const getArrayElement = refs[1];
+
+    var log = [];
+
+    function t(label, fn) {
+      try {
+        const result = fn();
+        log.push(label + '=' + result);
+        return result;
+      } catch (e) {
+        log.push(label + ':ERR ' + String(e && e.message ? e.message : e));
+      }
+    }
+
+    const hostArrayPath = ['$json', 'a'];
+    const HostArray = t('host array', function() {
+      return getArrayElement.applySync(null, [hostArrayPath, 'constructor'], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+    const HostLookupGetter = t('host lookup getter', function() {
+      return getArrayElement.applySync(null, [hostArrayPath, '__lookupGetter__'], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+    const hostArrayInstance = t('host array instance', function() {
+      return HostArray.applySync(null, [1], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+    const HostProtoGetter = t('host __proto__ getter', function() {
+      return HostLookupGetter.applySync(hostArrayInstance.derefInto(), ['__proto__'], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+    const arrProto = t('host Array prototype', function() {
+      return HostProtoGetter.applySync(hostArrayInstance.derefInto(), [], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+    const objProto = t('host Object prototype', function() {
+      return HostProtoGetter.applySync(arrProto.derefInto(), [], hostLookupParams('copy', 'reference'));
+    });
+
+    objProto.setSync('win', 1337);
+    return log;
+  })();
+}}`;
+
+		try {
+			// The bridge swallows the TypeError; what matters is the host Object
+			// prototype was never mutated.
+			evaluator.evaluate(expression, data, caller);
+			expect((Object.prototype as Record<string, unknown>).win).toBeUndefined();
+		} finally {
+			delete (Object.prototype as Record<string, unknown>).win;
+		}
+	});
+
 	it('should preserve error name, message, and custom properties across isolate boundary', () => {
 		const data = { $json: {} };
 

packages/@n8n/expression-runtime/src/bridge/isolated-vm-bridge.ts

@@ -400,8 +400,21 @@ export class IsolatedVmBridge implements RuntimeBridge {
 					return undefined;
 				}
 
+				// Only genuine array indices are reachable; anything else (e.g.
+				// 'constructor', '__lookupGetter__') would read off the prototype
+				// chain and could leak a host function reference across the boundary.
+				if (!Number.isInteger(index) || index < 0) {
+					return undefined;
+				}
+
 				const element = arr[index];
 
+				// Functions are never reachable through the data surface — mirror the
+				// guard in getValueAtPath so a host callable can't cross the boundary.
+				if (typeof element === 'function') {
+					return undefined;
+				}
+
 				// Dates have no enumerable own keys; pass through instead of
 				// marshaling as an empty object.
 				if (element instanceof Date) {

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/instance-ai",
-  "version": "1.17.0",
+  "version": "1.17.2",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/orchestration/verification/reconcile-plan.ts

@@ -18,8 +18,17 @@ export async function reconcileStaleCredentialPlan(args: {
 	domainContext: NonNullable<OrchestrationContext['domainContext']>;
 	workflowTaskService: WorkflowTaskService;
 	logger: OrchestrationContext['logger'];
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: OrchestrationContext['modelId'];
 }): Promise<WorkflowBuildOutcome> {
-	const { buildOutcome, workflowId, domainContext, workflowTaskService, logger } = args;
+	const {
+		buildOutcome,
+		workflowId,
+		domainContext,
+		workflowTaskService,
+		logger,
+		fallbackModelConfig,
+	} = args;
 	// Reconciliation can change something only when the outcome holds mocked
 	// credentials or an AI root simulated for missing model credentials.
 	const hasMockedCredentials = Object.keys(buildOutcome.mockedCredentialsByNode ?? {}).length > 0;
@@ -32,7 +41,12 @@ export async function reconcileStaleCredentialPlan(args: {
 	try {
 		const workflow = await domainContext.workflowService.getAsWorkflowJSON(workflowId);
 		const availableCredentials = await buildCredentialMap(domainContext.credentialService);
-		const patch = await reconcileSimulationPlan({ buildOutcome, workflow, availableCredentials });
+		const patch = await reconcileSimulationPlan({
+			buildOutcome,
+			workflow,
+			availableCredentials,
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
 		if (!patch) return buildOutcome;
 
 		await workflowTaskService.updateBuildOutcome(buildOutcome.workItemId, patch);

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/orchestration/verify-built-workflow.tool.ts

@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ export function createVerifyBuiltWorkflowTool(context: OrchestrationContext) {
 				domainContext: target.domainContext,
 				workflowTaskService,
 				logger: context.logger,
+				fallbackModelConfig: context.modelId,
 			});
 
 			if (buildOutcome.nodeSimulationPlan === undefined) {

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/__tests__/classify-node-destructiveness.service.test.ts

@@ -201,6 +201,34 @@ describe('classifyNodesForSimulation', () => {
 		expect(mockCreateEvalAgent).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 	});
 
+	it('forwards the fallback model config to the LLM call', async () => {
+		setupAgentMock(
+			JSON.stringify({
+				Search: { verdict: 'execute', reason: 'POST to a search endpoint', confidence: 'high' },
+			}),
+		);
+		const fallbackModelConfig = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+		await classifyNodesForSimulation({
+			workflow: chainWorkflow([
+				trigger,
+				{
+					name: 'Search',
+					type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+					parameters: { method: 'POST', url: 'https://api.example.com/search' },
+				},
+			]),
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
+		expect(mockCreateEvalAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			'verification-destructiveness-classifier',
+			expect.objectContaining({ fallbackModelConfig }),
+		);
+	});
+
 	it('classifies IO-free Code nodes as execute deterministically', async () => {
 		const verdicts = await classify([
 			trigger,

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/__tests__/generate-simulation-fixtures.service.test.ts

@@ -120,6 +120,42 @@ describe('generateSimulationFixtures', () => {
 		expect(result).toEqual({ A: [{}] });
 	});
 
+	it('warns on generation failure so the empty-fixture degrade is visible', async () => {
+		mockCreateEvalAgent.mockImplementation(() => {
+			throw new Error('Missing API key');
+		});
+		const warn = vi.fn();
+		const logger = { info: vi.fn(), warn, error: vi.fn(), debug: vi.fn() };
+		const result = await generateSimulationFixtures({
+			workflow: wf([{ name: 'A', type: 'n8n-nodes-base.slack' }]),
+			plan: [simulateVerdict('A')],
+			logger,
+		});
+		expect(result).toEqual({ A: [{}] });
+		expect(warn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			expect.stringContaining('fixture generation failed'),
+			expect.objectContaining({ reason: 'generation_failed', nodeCount: 1 }),
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('forwards the fallback model config to the LLM call', async () => {
+		setupAgentMock(JSON.stringify({ A: [{ json: { ok: true } }] }));
+		const fallbackModelConfig = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+		await generateSimulationFixtures({
+			workflow: wf([{ name: 'A', type: 'n8n-nodes-base.slack' }]),
+			plan: [simulateVerdict('A')],
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
+		expect(mockCreateEvalAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			'verification-simulation-fixtures',
+			expect.objectContaining({ fallbackModelConfig }),
+		);
+	});
+
 	it('strips markdown fences around the JSON output', async () => {
 		setupAgentMock('```json\n{"A":[{"json":{"ok":true}}]}\n```');
 		const result = await generateSimulationFixtures({

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/__tests__/plan-verification-simulation.test.ts

@@ -62,6 +62,34 @@ describe('planVerificationSimulation — simulated trigger verdicts', () => {
 		mockGenerateFixtures.mockResolvedValue({});
 	});
 
+	it('forwards the fallback model config to classification and fixture generation', async () => {
+		const fallbackModelConfig = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+		mockClassify.mockResolvedValue([
+			{
+				nodeName: 'Send It',
+				verdict: 'simulate',
+				reason: 'Sends a message',
+				confidence: 'high',
+				source: 'deterministic',
+			},
+		]);
+
+		await planVerificationSimulation({
+			workflow: wf([{ name: 'Send It', type: 'n8n-nodes-base.slack' }]),
+			workflowId: 'wf-1',
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
+
+		expect(mockClassify).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ fallbackModelConfig }));
+		expect(mockGenerateFixtures).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			expect.objectContaining({ fallbackModelConfig }),
+		);
+	});
+
 	it('injects a deterministic simulate verdict for non-deterministic triggers', async () => {
 		mockClassify.mockResolvedValue([executeVerdict('Fetch Rows')]);
 

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/apply-workflow-credentials.tool.ts

@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ export function createApplyWorkflowCredentialsTool(context: OrchestrationContext
 					buildOutcome,
 					workflow: json,
 					availableCredentials,
+					fallbackModelConfig: context.modelId,
 				});
 				if (patch) {
 					await context.workflowTaskService.updateBuildOutcome(input.workItemId, {

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/build-workflow.tool.ts

@@ -761,6 +761,7 @@ export function createBuildWorkflowTool(context: InstanceAiContext) {
 						declaredOutputFixtures: compiled.declaredOutputFixtures,
 						workflowId: saved.id,
 						outputSchemaLookup: context.outputSchemaLookup,
+						fallbackModelConfig: context.modelId,
 						logger: context.logger,
 					});
 					const runId = buildContext?.runId ?? context.runId;

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/classify-node-destructiveness.service.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import type { IConnections } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { isTriggerNodeType } from './workflow-json-utils';
+import type { ModelConfig } from '../../types';
 import { HAIKU_MODEL } from '../../utils/eval-agents';
 import { generateValidatedJson } from '../../utils/generate-validated-json';
 import type { NodeSimulationVerdict } from '../../workflow-loop/workflow-loop-state';
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ export interface ClassifyNodesForSimulationInput {
 	workflow: WorkflowJSON;
 	/** Node names whose credentials were mocked — always simulated. */
 	mockedNodeNames?: string[];
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
 }
 
 const STICKY_NOTE_TYPE = 'n8n-nodes-base.stickyNote';
@@ -354,6 +357,7 @@ function formatNodeBlock(node: WorkflowNode & { name: string }): string {
 
 async function classifyAmbiguousNodes(
 	nodes: Array<WorkflowNode & { name: string }>,
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig,
 ): Promise<NodeSimulationVerdict[]> {
 	const userText = [
 		'Classify the following n8n workflow nodes.',
@@ -368,6 +372,7 @@ async function classifyAmbiguousNodes(
 		instructions: SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS,
 		userText,
 		schema: LlmVerdictSchema,
+		fallbackModelConfig,
 	});
 	const parsed = result.ok ? result.data : undefined;
 
@@ -426,7 +431,7 @@ export async function classifyNodesForSimulation(
 		// retired, the plan is the only source of verification pin data, so a
 		// throw here would leave every node executing for real. Fail destructive.
 		try {
-			for (const verdict of await classifyAmbiguousNodes(ambiguous)) {
+			for (const verdict of await classifyAmbiguousNodes(ambiguous, input.fallbackModelConfig)) {
 				verdictByName.set(verdict.nodeName, verdict);
 			}
 		} catch {

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/generate-simulation-fixtures.service.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ import { getParentNodes, mapConnectionsByDestination, type IConnections } from '
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { isTriggerNodeType } from './workflow-json-utils';
+import type { Logger } from '../../logger';
+import type { ModelConfig } from '../../types';
 import { SONNET_MODEL } from '../../utils/eval-agents';
 import { generateValidatedJson } from '../../utils/generate-validated-json';
 import type { NodeSimulationVerdict } from '../../workflow-loop/workflow-loop-state';
@@ -53,6 +55,9 @@ export interface GenerateSimulationFixturesInput {
 	 * structure instead of the model's guess at the service's response shape.
 	 */
 	outputSchemaLookup?: OutputSchemaLookup;
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
+	logger?: Logger;
 }
 
 // Loose on purpose: items may arrive `{json: {...}}`-wrapped, flat, or as an
@@ -196,8 +201,15 @@ export async function generateSimulationFixtures(
 		instructions: SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS,
 		userText,
 		schema: FixturesResponseSchema,
+		fallbackModelConfig: input.fallbackModelConfig,
 	});
-	if (!result.ok) return emptyFixtures(nodeNames);
+	if (!result.ok) {
+		input.logger?.warn('Simulation fixture generation failed; simulated nodes get empty items', {
+			reason: result.reason,
+			nodeCount: nodeNames.length,
+		});
+		return emptyFixtures(nodeNames);
+	}
 
 	// Shared normalization + envelope repair, matching the eval pin-data paths:
 	// wrap-or-passthrough items, then mechanically fix the two known LLM

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/plan-verification-simulation.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 } from './generate-simulation-fixtures.service';
 import { isMockableTriggerNodeType, isTriggerNodeType } from './workflow-json-utils';
 import type { Logger } from '../../logger';
+import type { ModelConfig } from '../../types';
 import type { NodeSimulationVerdict } from '../../workflow-loop/workflow-loop-state';
 
 export interface PlanVerificationSimulationInput {
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ export interface PlanVerificationSimulationInput {
 	workflowId: string;
 	/** Node output `__schema__` lookup used to shape generated fixtures. */
 	outputSchemaLookup?: OutputSchemaLookup;
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
 	logger?: Logger;
 }
 
@@ -255,13 +258,18 @@ export async function planVerificationSimulation({
 	declaredOutputFixtures,
 	workflowId,
 	outputSchemaLookup,
+	fallbackModelConfig,
 	logger,
 }: PlanVerificationSimulationInput): Promise<VerificationSimulationPlan> {
 	let nodeSimulationPlan: NodeSimulationVerdict[] | undefined;
 	let simulationFixtures: SimulationFixtures | undefined;
 	const declaredFixtures = nonEmptyDeclaredFixtures(declaredOutputFixtures);
 	try {
-		nodeSimulationPlan = await classifyNodesForSimulation({ workflow, mockedNodeNames });
+		nodeSimulationPlan = await classifyNodesForSimulation({
+			workflow,
+			mockedNodeNames,
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
 		nodeSimulationPlan = withDeclaredOutputVerdicts(nodeSimulationPlan, declaredFixtures);
 		nodeSimulationPlan = withSimulatedTriggerVerdicts(nodeSimulationPlan, workflow);
 		nodeSimulationPlan = withSimulatedCredentiallessAiRootVerdicts(
@@ -280,6 +288,8 @@ export async function planVerificationSimulation({
 							workflow,
 							plan: planNeedingGeneratedFixtures,
 							outputSchemaLookup,
+							fallbackModelConfig,
+							logger,
 						})
 					: {};
 			const fixtures = { ...generatedFixtures, ...declaredFixtures };

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/tools/workflows/reconcile-simulation-plan.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
 	findCredentiallessAiRoots,
 } from './plan-verification-simulation';
 import type { CredentialMap } from './resolve-credentials';
+import type { ModelConfig } from '../../types';
 import type {
 	NodeSimulationVerdict,
 	WorkflowBuildOutcome,
@@ -75,8 +76,10 @@ export async function reconcileSimulationPlan(args: {
 	buildOutcome: WorkflowBuildOutcome;
 	workflow: WorkflowJSON;
 	availableCredentials: CredentialMap;
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
 }): Promise<SimulationPlanPatch | undefined> {
-	const { buildOutcome, workflow, availableCredentials } = args;
+	const { buildOutcome, workflow, availableCredentials, fallbackModelConfig } = args;
 
 	const mockedEntries = Object.entries(buildOutcome.mockedCredentialsByNode ?? {});
 	const satisfiedNames = new Set(
@@ -131,6 +134,7 @@ export async function reconcileSimulationPlan(args: {
 		const freshVerdicts = await classifyNodesForSimulation({
 			workflow: scopedWorkflow,
 			mockedNodeNames: remainingMockedNames,
+			fallbackModelConfig,
 		});
 		freshVerdictByName = new Map(freshVerdicts.map((verdict) => [verdict.nodeName, verdict]));
 	}

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/types.ts

@@ -951,6 +951,13 @@ export interface InstanceAiContext {
 	 */
 	tracing?: InstanceAiTraceContext;
 	projectId?: string;
+	/**
+	 * Host-resolved model for the current run (proxy-managed on cloud). Domain
+	 * tools pass it as the fallback for utility LLM calls (simulation fixtures,
+	 * destructiveness classification), which otherwise resolve an eval model
+	 * from environment API keys that proxy-managed deployments don't have.
+	 */
+	modelId?: ModelConfig;
 	workflowService: InstanceAiWorkflowService;
 	executionService: InstanceAiExecutionService;
 	credentialService: InstanceAiCredentialService;

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/utils/__tests__/eval-agents.test.ts

@@ -81,4 +81,43 @@ describe('eval agent model config', () => {
 			reasoningEffort: 'high',
 		});
 	});
+
+	it('throws without env keys or a fallback model config', () => {
+		expect(() => createEvalAgent('test-agent', { instructions: 'Do the task.' })).toThrow(
+			/Missing API key/,
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('uses the fallback model config when no env API key is configured', () => {
+		const fallbackModelConfig = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+
+		createEvalAgent('test-agent', {
+			instructions: 'Do the task.',
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
+
+		expect(mockAgentInstances[0]?.model).toHaveBeenCalledWith(fallbackModelConfig);
+		expect(mockAgentInstances[0]?.thinking).toHaveBeenCalledWith('anthropic', {
+			mode: 'adaptive',
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('prefers env-based model resolution over the fallback', () => {
+		process.env.N8N_AI_ANTHROPIC_KEY = 'env-key';
+
+		createEvalAgent('test-agent', {
+			instructions: 'Do the task.',
+			fallbackModelConfig: { id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const, url: '', apiKey: 'jwt' },
+		});
+
+		expect(mockAgentInstances[0]?.model).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6',
+			apiKey: 'env-key',
+			url: undefined,
+		});
+	});
 });

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/utils/__tests__/generate-validated-json.test.ts

@@ -79,4 +79,23 @@ describe('generateValidatedJson', () => {
 		});
 		expect(await generate()).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'generation_failed' });
 	});
+
+	it('forwards the fallback model config to agent creation', async () => {
+		setupAgentMock('{"ok": true}');
+		const fallbackModelConfig = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+		await generateValidatedJson('test-agent', {
+			instructions: 'instructions',
+			userText: 'do it',
+			schema,
+			fallbackModelConfig,
+		});
+		expect(mockCreateEvalAgent).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			'test-agent',
+			expect.objectContaining({ fallbackModelConfig }),
+		);
+	});
 });

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/utils/eval-agents.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** Shared agent factory + helpers for eval LLM calls (hint generation, mock responses, pin data). */
 
-import { Agent, Tool, type GenerateResult } from '@n8n/agents';
+import { Agent, Tool, type GenerateResult, type ModelConfig } from '@n8n/agents';
 
 import { applyAgentThinking } from '../agent/apply-agent-thinking';
 
@@ -100,20 +100,34 @@ const CACHE_PROVIDER_OPTS = {
 	providerOptions: EPHEMERAL_CACHE,
 };
 
+/**
+ * Env-based tiered model when configured, otherwise the caller's fallback.
+ * Deployments where the model is managed outside the environment (e.g. the
+ * cloud AI service proxy) have no eval API key, so without a fallback every
+ * in-product eval call would fail before reaching the LLM.
+ */
+function resolveAgentModel(model?: string, fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig): ModelConfig {
+	try {
+		const { modelId, apiKey, url } = resolveEvalModelConfig(model);
+		return { id: modelId, apiKey, url };
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (fallbackModelConfig) return fallbackModelConfig;
+		throw error;
+	}
+}
+
 export function createEvalAgent(
 	name: string,
 	options: {
 		model?: string;
 		instructions: string;
 		cache?: boolean;
+		/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+		fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
 	},
 ): Agent {
-	const { modelId, apiKey, url } = resolveEvalModelConfig(options.model);
+	const model = resolveAgentModel(options.model, options.fallbackModelConfig);
-	const agent = new Agent(name).model({
+	const agent = new Agent(name).model(model);
-		id: modelId,
-		apiKey,
-		url,
-	});
 
 	if (options.cache) {
 		agent.instructions(options.instructions, CACHE_PROVIDER_OPTS);
@@ -121,7 +135,7 @@ export function createEvalAgent(
 		agent.instructions(options.instructions);
 	}
 
-	applyAgentThinking(agent, modelId);
+	applyAgentThinking(agent, model);
 
 	return agent;
 }

packages/@n8n/instance-ai/src/utils/generate-validated-json.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * helper's own tests mock `eval-agents`.
  */
 
+import type { ModelConfig } from '@n8n/agents';
 import type { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { createEvalAgent, extractText } from './eval-agents';
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ export interface GenerateValidatedJsonOptions<T> {
 	instructions: string;
 	userText: string;
 	schema: z.ZodType<T>;
+	/** Host-resolved model used when no eval model API key is configured in the environment. */
+	fallbackModelConfig?: ModelConfig;
 }
 
 function stripMarkdownFences(text: string): string {
@@ -42,6 +45,7 @@ export async function generateValidatedJson<T>(
 		const llm = createEvalAgent(agentName, {
 			model: options.model,
 			instructions: options.instructions,
+			fallbackModelConfig: options.fallbackModelConfig,
 		});
 		const result = await llm.generate([
 			{ role: 'user' as const, content: [{ type: 'text' as const, text: options.userText }] },

packages/@n8n/node-cli/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/node-cli",
-  "version": "0.41.0",
+  "version": "0.41.1",
   "description": "Official CLI for developing community nodes for n8n",
   "bin": {
     "n8n-node": "bin/n8n-node.mjs"

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/embeddings/EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference/EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference.node.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { InferenceProviderOrPolicy } from '@huggingface/inference';
 import { PROVIDERS_OR_POLICIES } from '@huggingface/inference';
 import { HuggingFaceInferenceEmbeddings } from '@langchain/community/embeddings/hf';
 import {
+	assertCredentialAllowsUrl,
 	NodeConnectionTypes,
 	NodeOperationError,
 	type INodeType,
@@ -104,6 +105,18 @@ export class EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference implements INodeType {
 			throw new NodeOperationError(this.getNode(), 'Unsupported provider');
 		}
 
+		if (
+			'endpointUrl' in options &&
+			typeof options.endpointUrl === 'string' &&
+			options.endpointUrl
+		) {
+			assertCredentialAllowsUrl({
+				node: this.getNode(),
+				credentialData: credentials,
+				url: options.endpointUrl,
+			});
+		}
+
 		const embeddings = new HuggingFaceInferenceEmbeddings({
 			apiKey: credentials.apiKey as string,
 			model,

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/embeddings/test/EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { HuggingFaceInferenceEmbeddings } from '@langchain/community/embeddings/hf';
+import { createMockExecuteFunction } from 'n8n-nodes-base/test/nodes/Helpers';
+import type { INode, ISupplyDataFunctions } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import type { Mocked } from 'vitest';
+
+import { EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference } from '../EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference/EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference.node';
+
+vi.mock('@huggingface/inference', () => ({ PROVIDERS_OR_POLICIES: ['auto'] }));
+vi.mock('@langchain/community/embeddings/hf');
+vi.mock('@n8n/ai-utilities');
+
+describe('EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference', () => {
+	let node: EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference;
+
+	const mockNode: INode = {
+		id: '1',
+		name: 'Embeddings HuggingFace Inference',
+		typeVersion: 1,
+		type: 'n8n-nodes-langchain.embeddingsHuggingFaceInference',
+		position: [0, 0],
+		parameters: {},
+	};
+
+	const setup = (credentials: Record<string, unknown>, options: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+		const ctx = createMockExecuteFunction<ISupplyDataFunctions>(
+			{},
+			mockNode,
+		) as Mocked<ISupplyDataFunctions>;
+		ctx.getCredentials = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(credentials);
+		ctx.getNode = vi.fn().mockReturnValue(mockNode);
+		ctx.logger = { debug: vi.fn() } as unknown as ISupplyDataFunctions['logger'];
+		ctx.getNodeParameter = vi.fn().mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'modelName') return 'sentence-transformers/distilbert-base-nli-mean-tokens';
+			if (paramName === 'options') return options;
+			return undefined;
+		});
+		return ctx;
+	};
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		node = new EmbeddingsHuggingFaceInference();
+		vi.clearAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	it('should reject a custom endpoint URL the credential domain restriction disallows', async () => {
+		const ctx = setup(
+			{
+				apiKey: 'k',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api-inference.huggingface.co',
+			},
+			{ endpointUrl: 'http://127.0.0.1:9099' },
+		);
+
+		await expect(node.supplyData.call(ctx, 0)).rejects.toThrow('Domain not allowed');
+		expect(HuggingFaceInferenceEmbeddings).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('should allow a custom endpoint URL the credential domain restriction permits', async () => {
+		const ctx = setup(
+			{
+				apiKey: 'k',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'my-endpoint.example.com',
+			},
+			{ endpointUrl: 'https://my-endpoint.example.com' },
+		);
+
+		await node.supplyData.call(ctx, 0);
+		expect(HuggingFaceInferenceEmbeddings).toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+});

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/llms/LMOpenAi/LmOpenAi.node.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { OpenAI, type ClientOptions } from '@langchain/openai';
 import { getProxyAgent, makeN8nLlmFailedAttemptHandler, N8nLlmTracing } from '@n8n/ai-utilities';
-import { NodeConnectionTypes } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import { assertCredentialAllowsUrl, NodeConnectionTypes } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import type {
 	INodeType,
 	INodeTypeDescription,
@@ -207,8 +207,17 @@ export class LmOpenAi implements INodeType {
 				const options = this.getNodeParameter('options', {}) as LmOpenAiOptions;
 
 				let uri = 'https://api.openai.com/v1/models';
+				let allowedDomains: string | undefined;
 
 				if (options.baseURL) {
+					const credentials = await this.getCredentials('openAiApi');
+					allowedDomains = assertCredentialAllowsUrl({
+						node: this.getNode(),
+						credentialData: credentials,
+						url: options.baseURL,
+						pinnedUrl: typeof credentials.url === 'string' ? credentials.url : undefined,
+						surface: 'OpenAI',
+					});
 					uri = `${options.baseURL}/models`;
 				}
 
@@ -216,6 +225,7 @@ export class LmOpenAi implements INodeType {
 					method: 'GET',
 					uri,
 					json: true,
+					allowedDomains,
 				})) as { data: Array<{ owned_by: string; id: string }> };
 
 				for (const model of data) {
@@ -264,6 +274,13 @@ export class LmOpenAi implements INodeType {
 		};
 
 		if (options.baseURL) {
+			assertCredentialAllowsUrl({
+				node: this.getNode(),
+				credentialData: credentials,
+				url: options.baseURL,
+				pinnedUrl: typeof credentials.url === 'string' ? credentials.url : undefined,
+				surface: 'OpenAI',
+			});
 			configuration.baseURL = options.baseURL;
 		}
 

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/llms/LMOpenHuggingFaceInference/LmOpenHuggingFaceInference.node.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { HuggingFaceInference } from '@langchain/community/llms/hf';
 import {
+	assertCredentialAllowsUrl,
 	NodeConnectionTypes,
 	type INodeType,
 	type INodeTypeDescription,
@@ -138,7 +139,15 @@ export class LmOpenHuggingFaceInference implements INodeType {
 		const credentials = await this.getCredentials('huggingFaceApi');
 
 		const modelName = this.getNodeParameter('model', itemIndex) as string;
-		const options = this.getNodeParameter('options', itemIndex, {}) as object;
+		const options = this.getNodeParameter('options', itemIndex, {}) as { endpointUrl?: string };
+
+		if (options.endpointUrl) {
+			assertCredentialAllowsUrl({
+				node: this.getNode(),
+				credentialData: credentials,
+				url: options.endpointUrl,
+			});
+		}
 
 		// LangChain does not yet support specifying Provider
 		// That's why mistral's model is the default value

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/llms/test/LmOpenAi.test.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { OpenAI } from '@langchain/openai';
 import { makeN8nLlmFailedAttemptHandler, N8nLlmTracing, getProxyAgent } from '@n8n/ai-utilities';
 import { createMockExecuteFunction } from 'n8n-nodes-base/test/nodes/Helpers';
-import type { INode, ISupplyDataFunctions } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import type { ILoadOptionsFunctions, INode, ISupplyDataFunctions } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import type { Mocked } from 'vitest';
 
 import { LmOpenAi } from '../LMOpenAi/LmOpenAi.node';
@@ -91,5 +91,102 @@ describe('LmOpenAi', () => {
 				redactedHeaders: ['x-custom-header'],
 			});
 		});
+
+		it('should reject a baseURL override that the credential domain restriction disallows', async () => {
+			const mockContext = setupMockContext({
+				apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api.openai.com',
+			});
+			mockContext.getNodeParameter = vi.fn().mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+				if (paramName === 'model') return 'gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct';
+				if (paramName === 'options') return { baseURL: 'http://127.0.0.1:9099/v1' };
+				return undefined;
+			});
+
+			await expect(lmOpenAi.supplyData.call(mockContext, 0)).rejects.toThrow('Domain not allowed');
+			expect(OpenAI).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should allow a baseURL override that the credential domain restriction permits', async () => {
+			const mockContext = setupMockContext({
+				apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api.openai.com',
+			});
+			mockContext.getNodeParameter = vi.fn().mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+				if (paramName === 'model') return 'gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct';
+				if (paramName === 'options') return { baseURL: 'https://api.openai.com/v1' };
+				return undefined;
+			});
+
+			await lmOpenAi.supplyData.call(mockContext, 0);
+			expect(OpenAI).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('openAiModelSearch', () => {
+		const setupMockLoadContext = (
+			credentials: Record<string, unknown>,
+			options: Record<string, unknown>,
+		) => {
+			const requestWithAuthentication = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ data: [] });
+
+			return {
+				getCredentials: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(credentials),
+				getNode: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(mockNode),
+				getNodeParameter: vi.fn().mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+					if (paramName === 'options') return options;
+					return undefined;
+				}),
+				helpers: {
+					requestWithAuthentication,
+				},
+			} as unknown as Mocked<ILoadOptionsFunctions> & {
+				helpers: { requestWithAuthentication: typeof requestWithAuthentication };
+			};
+		};
+
+		it('should not send credentials to a domain the credential restricts', async () => {
+			const mockLoadContext = setupMockLoadContext(
+				{
+					apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+					allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+					allowedDomains: 'api.openai.com',
+				},
+				{ baseURL: 'http://127.0.0.1:9099/v1' },
+			);
+
+			await expect(
+				lmOpenAi.methods.listSearch.openAiModelSearch.call(mockLoadContext),
+			).rejects.toThrow('Domain not allowed');
+			expect(mockLoadContext.helpers.requestWithAuthentication).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should forward the allowed domains to the request when the base URL is on the allowlist', async () => {
+			const mockLoadContext = setupMockLoadContext(
+				{
+					apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+					allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+					allowedDomains: 'api.openai.com',
+				},
+				{ baseURL: 'https://api.openai.com/v1' },
+			);
+			mockLoadContext.helpers.requestWithAuthentication.mockResolvedValue({
+				data: [{ id: 'gpt-4', owned_by: 'system' }],
+			});
+
+			await expect(
+				lmOpenAi.methods.listSearch.openAiModelSearch.call(mockLoadContext),
+			).resolves.toBeDefined();
+
+			expect(mockLoadContext.helpers.requestWithAuthentication).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				'openAiApi',
+				expect.objectContaining({
+					uri: 'https://api.openai.com/v1/models',
+					allowedDomains: 'api.openai.com',
+				}),
+			);
+		});
 	});
 });

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/llms/test/LmOpenHuggingFaceInference.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/* eslint-disable n8n-nodes-base/node-filename-against-convention */
+import { HuggingFaceInference } from '@langchain/community/llms/hf';
+import { createMockExecuteFunction } from 'n8n-nodes-base/test/nodes/Helpers';
+import type { INode, ISupplyDataFunctions } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import type { Mocked } from 'vitest';
+
+import { LmOpenHuggingFaceInference } from '../LMOpenHuggingFaceInference/LmOpenHuggingFaceInference.node';
+
+vi.mock('@langchain/community/llms/hf');
+vi.mock('@n8n/ai-utilities');
+
+describe('LmOpenHuggingFaceInference', () => {
+	let node: LmOpenHuggingFaceInference;
+
+	const mockNode: INode = {
+		id: '1',
+		name: 'Hugging Face Inference Model',
+		typeVersion: 1,
+		type: 'n8n-nodes-langchain.lmOpenHuggingFaceInference',
+		position: [0, 0],
+		parameters: {},
+	};
+
+	const setup = (credentials: Record<string, unknown>, options: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+		const ctx = createMockExecuteFunction<ISupplyDataFunctions>(
+			{},
+			mockNode,
+		) as Mocked<ISupplyDataFunctions>;
+		ctx.getCredentials = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(credentials);
+		ctx.getNode = vi.fn().mockReturnValue(mockNode);
+		ctx.getNodeParameter = vi.fn().mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'model') return 'mistralai/Mistral-Nemo-Base-2407';
+			if (paramName === 'options') return options;
+			return undefined;
+		});
+		return ctx;
+	};
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		node = new LmOpenHuggingFaceInference();
+		vi.clearAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	it('should reject a custom endpoint URL the credential domain restriction disallows', async () => {
+		const ctx = setup(
+			{
+				apiKey: 'k',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api-inference.huggingface.co',
+			},
+			{ endpointUrl: 'http://127.0.0.1:9099' },
+		);
+
+		await expect(node.supplyData.call(ctx, 0)).rejects.toThrow('Domain not allowed');
+		expect(HuggingFaceInference).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('should allow a custom endpoint URL the credential domain restriction permits', async () => {
+		const ctx = setup(
+			{
+				apiKey: 'k',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'my-endpoint.example.com',
+			},
+			{ endpointUrl: 'https://my-endpoint.example.com' },
+		);
+
+		await node.supplyData.call(ctx, 0);
+		expect(HuggingFaceInference).toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+});

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/mcp/McpClientTool/__test__/McpClientTool.node.test.ts

@@ -311,10 +311,15 @@ describe('McpClientTool', () => {
 			// Verify the eventSourceInit fetch injects auth headers and Accept header
 			const customFetch = vi.mocked(SSEClientTransport).mock.calls[0][1]?.eventSourceInit?.fetch;
 			await customFetch?.(url, {} as any);
-			expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(url, {
+			expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-				headers: { Accept: 'text/event-stream', 'my-header': 'header-value' },
+				url,
-				redirect: 'manual',
+				{
-			});
+					headers: { Accept: 'text/event-stream', 'my-header': 'header-value' },
+					redirect: 'manual',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				undefined,
+			);
 		});
 
 		it('should support bearer auth', async () => {
@@ -363,10 +368,15 @@ describe('McpClientTool', () => {
 			// Verify the eventSourceInit fetch injects auth headers and Accept header
 			const customFetch = vi.mocked(SSEClientTransport).mock.calls[0][1]?.eventSourceInit?.fetch;
 			await customFetch?.(url, {} as any);
-			expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(url, {
+			expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-				headers: { Accept: 'text/event-stream', Authorization: 'Bearer my-token' },
+				url,
-				redirect: 'manual',
+				{
-			});
+					headers: { Accept: 'text/event-stream', Authorization: 'Bearer my-token' },
+					redirect: 'manual',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				undefined,
+			);
 		});
 
 		it('should successfully execute a tool', async () => {

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/mcp/shared/__test__/utils.test.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ import { Client } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js';
 import { SSEClientTransport } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/sse.js';
 import { StreamableHTTPClientTransport } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/streamableHttp.js';
 import { proxyFetch } from '@n8n/ai-utilities';
-import type { IExecuteFunctions, INode } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import { createResultError, createResultOk } from '@n8n/utils/result';
+import type { IExecuteFunctions, INode, NodeEgressFilter } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import type { Mock, MockedClass, MockedFunction } from 'vitest';
 import { mockDeep } from 'vitest-mock-extended';
 import { expect } from 'vitest';
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import { expect } from 'vitest';
 import type { McpAuthenticationOption } from '../types';
 import {
 	connectMcpClient,
+	connectMcpClientForCredential,
 	getAuthHeaders,
 	mapToNodeOperationError,
 	tryRefreshOAuth2Token,
@@ -675,6 +677,69 @@ describe('utils', () => {
 				expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
 				expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 			});
+
+			it('should block requests to a target rejected by the instance egress filter', async () => {
+				mockClient.connect.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+				mockedProxyFetch.mockResolvedValue(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }));
+
+				const secureLookup = vi.fn();
+				const egressFilter: NodeEgressFilter = {
+					validateUrl: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(createResultError(new Error('Egress blocked'))),
+					createSecureLookup: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(secureLookup),
+				};
+
+				const ctx = mockDeep<IExecuteFunctions>();
+				ctx.getNode.mockReturnValue({ type: 'test-client', typeVersion: 1 } as unknown as INode);
+				ctx.helpers.getSecureEgressFilter.mockReturnValue(egressFilter);
+
+				const result = await connectMcpClientForCredential(ctx, {
+					authentication: 'none',
+					serverTransport: transport,
+					endpointUrl: 'https://blocked.example.com/',
+					surface: 'MCP Client Tool',
+				});
+
+				expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+
+				const [, opts] = (TransportClass as Mock).mock.calls[0];
+
+				// The egress filter must reject the target before any request is sent.
+				await expect(opts.fetch('https://blocked.example.com/', {})).rejects.toThrow(
+					'Egress blocked',
+				);
+				expect(egressFilter.validateUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://blocked.example.com/');
+				expect(mockedProxyFetch).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			});
+
+			it('should allow requests to a target accepted by the instance egress filter', async () => {
+				mockClient.connect.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+				mockedProxyFetch.mockResolvedValue(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }));
+
+				const secureLookup = vi.fn();
+				const egressFilter: NodeEgressFilter = {
+					validateUrl: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(createResultOk(undefined)),
+					createSecureLookup: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(secureLookup),
+				};
+
+				const ctx = mockDeep<IExecuteFunctions>();
+				ctx.getNode.mockReturnValue({ type: 'test-client', typeVersion: 1 } as unknown as INode);
+				ctx.helpers.getSecureEgressFilter.mockReturnValue(egressFilter);
+
+				const result = await connectMcpClientForCredential(ctx, {
+					authentication: 'none',
+					serverTransport: transport,
+					endpointUrl: 'https://mcp.example.com/',
+					surface: 'MCP Client Tool',
+				});
+
+				expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+
+				const [, opts] = (TransportClass as Mock).mock.calls[0];
+				await opts.fetch('https://mcp.example.com/', {});
+
+				expect(egressFilter.validateUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://mcp.example.com/');
+				expect(mockedProxyFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+			});
 		});
 	});
 

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/mcp/shared/utils.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import type {
 	ILoadOptionsFunctions,
 	INode,
 	ISupplyDataFunctions,
+	NodeEgressFilter,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { assertCredentialAllowsUrl, assertUrlAllowed, NodeOperationError } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
@@ -137,6 +138,7 @@ export async function connectMcpClient({
 	onUnauthorized,
 	signal,
 	allowedDomains,
+	secureEgressFilter,
 }: {
 	serverTransport: McpServerTransport;
 	endpointUrl: string;
@@ -150,6 +152,12 @@ export async function connectMcpClient({
 	 * (including redirect hops) is validated against it via `assertUrlAllowed`.
 	 */
 	allowedDomains?: string;
+	/**
+	 * Instance egress filter. When set, every request (including redirect hops)
+	 * is validated against the configured egress policy, and the connection is
+	 * pinned to the validated address.
+	 */
+	secureEgressFilter?: NodeEgressFilter;
 }): Promise<Result<Client, ConnectMcpClientError>> {
 	const endpoint = normalizeAndValidateUrl(endpointUrl);
 
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@ export async function connectMcpClient({
 		return createResultError({ type: 'invalid_url', error: endpoint.error });
 	}
 
-	const authFetch = createAuthFetch(headers, onUnauthorized, allowedDomains);
+	const authFetch = createAuthFetch(headers, onUnauthorized, allowedDomains, secureEgressFilter);
 	const client = new Client({ name, version: version.toString() }, { capabilities: {} });
 
 	let onAbort: (() => void) | undefined;
@@ -276,23 +284,30 @@ function headersToRecord(headers: HeadersInit | undefined): Record<string, strin
  *   - injects auth headers into every request,
  *   - retries once on 401 after refreshing the token via onUnauthorized,
  *   - validates the initial URL and every redirect hop against `allowedDomains`
- *     so credentials are never sent to a host the credential doesn't allow.
+ *     so credentials are never sent to a host the credential doesn't allow,
+ *   - validates the initial URL and every redirect hop against the instance
+ *     `secureEgressFilter`, and pins the connection to the validated address.
  */
 function createAuthFetch(
 	initialHeaders: Record<string, string> | undefined,
 	onUnauthorized?: OnUnauthorizedHandler,
 	allowedDomains?: string,
+	secureEgressFilter?: NodeEgressFilter,
 ): typeof fetch {
 	let headers = initialHeaders;
 
+	const secureLookup = secureEgressFilter?.createSecureLookup();
+
+	const doFetch = async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> =>
+		await proxyFetch(
+			input,
+			{ ...init, headers: { ...headersToRecord(init?.headers), ...headers } },
+			undefined,
+			secureLookup,
+		);
+
 	const authedFetch = async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> => {
-		const response = await proxyFetch(input, {
+		const response = await doFetch(input, init);
-			...init,
-			headers: {
-				...headersToRecord(init?.headers),
-				...headers,
-			},
-		});
 
 		if (response.status !== 401 || !onUnauthorized) {
 			return response;
@@ -304,13 +319,7 @@ function createAuthFetch(
 		}
 
 		headers = refreshedHeaders;
-		return await proxyFetch(input, {
+		return await doFetch(input, init);
-			...init,
-			headers: {
-				...headersToRecord(init?.headers),
-				...headers,
-			},
-		});
 	};
 
 	return async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> => {
@@ -318,7 +327,13 @@ function createAuthFetch(
 		// unwrapped to their URL so the redirect loop can carry a stable input.
 		const startUrl = input instanceof Request ? input.url : input;
 		return await fetchFollowingRedirects(authedFetch, startUrl, init, {
-			onBeforeHop: (hopUrl) => assertUrlAllowed({ url: hopUrl, allowedDomains }),
+			onBeforeHop: async (hopUrl) => {
+				assertUrlAllowed({ url: hopUrl, allowedDomains });
+				if (secureEgressFilter) {
+					const result = await secureEgressFilter.validateUrl(hopUrl);
+					if (!result.ok) throw result.error;
+				}
+			},
 		});
 	};
 }
@@ -473,6 +488,7 @@ export async function connectMcpClientForCredential(
 		endpointUrl: config.endpointUrl,
 		headers,
 		allowedDomains,
+		secureEgressFilter: ctx.helpers.getSecureEgressFilter?.(),
 		name: node.type,
 		version: node.typeVersion,
 		onUnauthorized: async (h) => await tryRefreshOAuth2Token(ctx, config.authentication, h),

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/tools/ToolHttpRequest/test/ToolHttpRequest.node.test.ts

@@ -238,6 +238,81 @@ describe('ToolHttpRequest', () => {
 			);
 		});
 
+		it('should not send generic credentials to a domain the credential restricts', async () => {
+			executeFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+				switch (paramName) {
+					case 'method':
+						return 'GET';
+					case 'url':
+						return 'http://attacker.example/exfil';
+					case 'authentication':
+						return 'genericCredentialType';
+					case 'genericAuthType':
+						return 'httpHeaderAuth';
+					case 'options':
+						return {};
+					case 'placeholderDefinitions.values':
+						return [];
+					default:
+						return undefined;
+				}
+			});
+
+			executeFunctions.getCredentials.mockResolvedValue({
+				name: 'X-Secret-Token',
+				value: 'SECRET-TOOLHTTP-CANARY',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api.example.com',
+			});
+
+			const { response } = await httpTool.supplyData.call(executeFunctions, 0);
+			const res = await (response as N8nTool).invoke({});
+
+			expect(helpers.httpRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(res).toContain('Domain not allowed');
+		});
+
+		it('should send generic credentials to a domain the credential allows', async () => {
+			helpers.httpRequest.mockResolvedValue({
+				body: 'Hello World',
+				headers: { 'content-type': 'text/plain' },
+			});
+
+			executeFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+				switch (paramName) {
+					case 'method':
+						return 'GET';
+					case 'url':
+						return 'https://api.example.com/data';
+					case 'authentication':
+						return 'genericCredentialType';
+					case 'genericAuthType':
+						return 'httpHeaderAuth';
+					case 'options':
+						return {};
+					case 'placeholderDefinitions.values':
+						return [];
+					default:
+						return undefined;
+				}
+			});
+
+			executeFunctions.getCredentials.mockResolvedValue({
+				name: 'X-Secret-Token',
+				value: 'SECRET-TOOLHTTP-CANARY',
+				allowedHttpRequestDomains: 'domains',
+				allowedDomains: 'api.example.com',
+			});
+
+			const { response } = await httpTool.supplyData.call(executeFunctions, 0);
+			const res = await (response as N8nTool).invoke({});
+
+			expect(helpers.httpRequest).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				expect.objectContaining({ allowedDomains: 'api.example.com' }),
+			);
+			expect(res).toEqual('Hello World');
+		});
+
 		it('should return the error when receiving text that contains a null character', async () => {
 			helpers.httpRequest.mockResolvedValue({
 				body: 'Hello\0World',

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/nodes/tools/ToolHttpRequest/utils.ts

@@ -13,8 +13,14 @@ import type {
 	ExecutionError,
 	NodeApiError,
 	ISupplyDataFunctions,
+	ICredentialDataDecryptedObject,
+} from 'n8n-workflow';
+import {
+	assertCredentialAllowsUrl,
+	NodeConnectionTypes,
+	NodeOperationError,
+	jsonParse,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
-import { NodeConnectionTypes, NodeOperationError, jsonParse } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import type {
@@ -27,6 +33,24 @@ import type {
 } from './interfaces';
 import type { DynamicZodObject } from '../../../types/zod.types';
 
+// Enforce the credential's "Allowed HTTP Request Domains" restriction against the
+// request URL before the secret is attached, so a tool-controlled URL can't leak it.
+// The resulting allowlist is forwarded onto the options so the HTTP layer re-checks
+// every redirect hop too, not just the initial URL.
+const assertCredentialUrlAllowed = (
+	ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions,
+	credentials: ICredentialDataDecryptedObject | undefined,
+	options: IHttpRequestOptions,
+) => {
+	if (!credentials) return;
+	const allowedDomains = assertCredentialAllowsUrl({
+		node: ctx.getNode(),
+		credentialData: credentials,
+		url: options.url,
+	});
+	if (allowedDomains) options.allowedDomains = allowedDomains;
+};
+
 const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: number) => {
 	const genericType = ctx.getNodeParameter('genericAuthType', itemIndex) as string;
 
@@ -35,6 +59,7 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 		const sendImmediately = genericType === 'httpDigestAuth' ? false : undefined;
 
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, basicAuth, options);
 			options.auth = {
 				username: basicAuth.user as string,
 				password: basicAuth.password as string,
@@ -48,6 +73,7 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 		const headerAuth = await ctx.getCredentials('httpHeaderAuth', itemIndex);
 
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, headerAuth, options);
 			if (!options.headers) options.headers = {};
 			options.headers[headerAuth.name as string] = headerAuth.value;
 			return await ctx.helpers.httpRequest(options);
@@ -58,6 +84,7 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 		const queryAuth = await ctx.getCredentials('httpQueryAuth', itemIndex);
 
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, queryAuth, options);
 			if (!options.qs) options.qs = {};
 			options.qs[queryAuth.name as string] = queryAuth.value;
 			return await ctx.helpers.httpRequest(options);
@@ -68,6 +95,7 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 		const customAuth = await ctx.getCredentials('httpCustomAuth', itemIndex);
 
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, customAuth, options);
 			const auth = jsonParse<IRequestOptionsSimplified>((customAuth.json as string) || '{}', {
 				errorMessage: 'Invalid Custom Auth JSON',
 			});
@@ -85,13 +113,17 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 	}
 
 	if (genericType === 'oAuth1Api') {
+		const oAuth1 = await ctx.getCredentials('oAuth1Api', itemIndex);
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, oAuth1, options);
 			return await ctx.helpers.requestOAuth1.call(ctx, 'oAuth1Api', options);
 		};
 	}
 
 	if (genericType === 'oAuth2Api') {
+		const oAuth2 = await ctx.getCredentials('oAuth2Api', itemIndex);
 		return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+			assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, oAuth2, options);
 			return await ctx.helpers.requestOAuth2.call(ctx, 'oAuth2Api', options, {
 				tokenType: 'Bearer',
 			});
@@ -106,8 +138,10 @@ const genericCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: nu
 const predefinedCredentialRequest = async (ctx: ISupplyDataFunctions, itemIndex: number) => {
 	const predefinedType = ctx.getNodeParameter('nodeCredentialType', itemIndex) as string;
 	const additionalOptions = getOAuth2AdditionalParameters(predefinedType);
+	const credentials = await ctx.getCredentials(predefinedType, itemIndex);
 
 	return async (options: IHttpRequestOptions) => {
+		assertCredentialUrlAllowed(ctx, credentials, options);
 		return await ctx.helpers.httpRequestWithAuthentication.call(
 			ctx,
 			predefinedType,

packages/@n8n/nodes-langchain/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/n8n-nodes-langchain",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.2",
   "description": "",
   "main": "index.js",
   "exports": {

packages/@n8n/scan-community-package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/scan-community-package",
-  "version": "0.29.0",
+  "version": "0.29.1",
   "description": "Static code analyser for n8n community packages",
   "license": "LicenseRef-n8n-sustainable-use",
   "bin": "scanner/cli.mjs",

packages/@n8n/scheduler/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/scheduler",
-  "version": "1.1.0",
+  "version": "1.1.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "dev": "pnpm watch",

packages/@n8n/task-runner/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/task-runner",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.1",
   "scripts": {
     "clean": "rimraf dist .turbo",
     "start": "node dist/start.js",

packages/@n8n/task-runner/src/js-task-runner/__tests__/require-resolver.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+import type * as nodeCrypto from 'node:crypto';
+
 import { ExecutionError } from '@/js-task-runner/errors/execution-error';
 
-import { createRequireResolver, type RequireResolverOpts } from '../require-resolver';
+import {
+	createRequireResolver,
+	secureModuleExport,
+	type RequireResolverOpts,
+} from '../require-resolver';
 
 describe('require resolver', () => {
 	let defaultOpts: RequireResolverOpts;
@@ -59,6 +65,194 @@ describe('require resolver', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('module securing', () => {
+		it('should not let one resolution mutate the shared module for another', () => {
+			const resolver = createRequireResolver({ ...defaultOpts, secureModules: true });
+
+			const first = resolver('path') as { normalize: unknown };
+			const original = first.normalize;
+			// Own-property reassignment on the shared cached module must not stick.
+			expect(() => {
+				'use strict';
+				first.normalize = () => 'poisoned';
+			}).toThrow();
+
+			const second = resolver('path') as { normalize: unknown };
+			expect(second.normalize).toBe(original);
+			expect((second.normalize as (p: string) => string)('a//b')).toBe('a/b');
+		});
+
+		it('should return the same view for repeated resolutions (stable identity)', () => {
+			const resolver = createRequireResolver({ ...defaultOpts, secureModules: true });
+
+			expect(resolver('path')).toBe(resolver('path'));
+		});
+
+		it('should not secure modules by default', () => {
+			const resolver = createRequireResolver(defaultOpts);
+			const fs = resolver('fs') as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+			const marker = () => 'noop';
+			fs.__probe = marker;
+			expect(fs.__probe).toBe(marker);
+			delete fs.__probe;
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('secureModuleExport', () => {
+		it('should not throw when securing a non-freezable Buffer/TypedArray export', () => {
+			// Object.freeze throws on these ("Cannot freeze array buffer views with elements").
+			const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]);
+			const view = secureModuleExport(buf) as Buffer;
+
+			expect(view[0]).toBe(1); // reads pass through
+			expect(() => {
+				'use strict';
+				view[0] = 9;
+			}).toThrow(); // writes are blocked
+			expect(buf[0]).toBe(1); // underlying buffer untouched
+		});
+
+		it('should block assignment through accessor setters', () => {
+			let sideEffect = 0;
+			const mod = {};
+			Object.defineProperty(mod, 'danger', {
+				get: () => sideEffect,
+				set: (v: number) => {
+					sideEffect = v;
+				},
+				configurable: true,
+			});
+
+			const secured = secureModuleExport(mod) as { danger: number };
+			// Strict-mode module code: the blocked write throws instead of the setter running.
+			expect(() => {
+				secured.danger = 99;
+			}).toThrow();
+
+			expect(sideEffect).toBe(0); // the real setter never ran
+		});
+
+		it('should block adding, redefining, deleting properties and swapping the prototype', () => {
+			const mod: Record<string, unknown> = { existing: 1 };
+			const secured = secureModuleExport(mod) as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+			expect(() => Object.defineProperty(secured, 'added', { value: 1 })).toThrow();
+			expect(Reflect.deleteProperty(secured, 'existing')).toBe(false);
+			expect(Reflect.setPrototypeOf(secured, {})).toBe(false);
+			expect(mod.existing).toBe(1);
+		});
+
+		it('should keep a real module callable and usable through the view', () => {
+			const resolver = createRequireResolver({
+				allowedBuiltInModules: new Set(['crypto']),
+				allowedExternalModules: new Set(),
+				secureModules: true,
+			});
+			const crypto = resolver('crypto') as typeof nodeCrypto;
+
+			expect(crypto.randomBytes(8)).toHaveLength(8);
+			expect(crypto.createHash('sha256').update('x').digest('hex')).toHaveLength(64);
+
+			// poisoning attempts must not stick
+			expect(() => {
+				(crypto as { randomBytes: unknown }).randomBytes = () => Buffer.from('PWNED');
+			}).toThrow();
+			expect(crypto.randomBytes(8)).toHaveLength(8);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('secureModuleExport (nested membrane)', () => {
+		it('should wrap nested objects and block writes to them', () => {
+			const shared = { count: 0 };
+			const secured = secureModuleExport({ nested: shared }) as { nested: { count: number } };
+
+			expect(() => {
+				secured.nested.count = 5;
+			}).toThrow();
+			expect(shared.count).toBe(0); // shared nested state untouched
+		});
+
+		it('should return a stable wrapped view for the same nested object', () => {
+			const secured = secureModuleExport({ nested: {} }) as { nested: object };
+
+			expect(secured.nested).toBe(secured.nested);
+		});
+
+		it('should freeze (not wrap) non-configurable non-writable data properties', () => {
+			const mod = {};
+			Object.defineProperty(mod, 'FIXED', {
+				value: { a: 1 },
+				writable: false,
+				configurable: false,
+			});
+			const secured = secureModuleExport(mod) as { FIXED: { a: number } };
+
+			// Proxy invariant forbids wrapping, so it's returned raw — but frozen,
+			// so it still can't be mutated for other tasks.
+			expect(secured.FIXED.a).toBe(1);
+			expect(Object.isFrozen(secured.FIXED)).toBe(true);
+			expect(() => {
+				(secured.FIXED as Record<string, unknown>).evil = 1;
+			}).toThrow();
+		});
+
+		it('should wrap values reached through descriptor reflection', () => {
+			const shared = { count: 0 };
+			const secured = secureModuleExport({ nested: shared });
+
+			const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(secured, 'nested');
+			const reflected = descriptor?.value as { count: number };
+			expect(() => {
+				reflected.count = 5;
+			}).toThrow();
+			expect(shared.count).toBe(0); // reflection can't bypass the membrane
+		});
+
+		it('should construct classes exposed by a module', () => {
+			const secured = secureModuleExport({
+				widget: class {
+					constructor(public v: number) {}
+				},
+			}) as { widget: new (v: number) => { v: number } };
+
+			expect(new secured.widget(7).v).toBe(7);
+		});
+
+		it('should preserve new.target when subclassing a module constructor', () => {
+			const secured = secureModuleExport({
+				base: class {
+					kind: string;
+					constructor() {
+						this.kind = new.target.name;
+					}
+				},
+			}) as { base: new () => { kind: string } };
+			class Derived extends secured.base {}
+
+			expect(new Derived().kind).toBe('Derived');
+		});
+
+		it('should keep nested real-module state readable but not mutable', () => {
+			const resolver = createRequireResolver({
+				allowedBuiltInModules: new Set(['crypto']),
+				allowedExternalModules: new Set(),
+				secureModules: true,
+			});
+			const crypto = resolver('crypto') as typeof nodeCrypto;
+
+			// nested reads and receiver-sensitive method calls still work
+			expect(typeof crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING).toBe('number');
+			expect(crypto.webcrypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(4))).toHaveLength(4);
+
+			// nested writes are blocked
+			expect(() => {
+				(crypto.webcrypto as { getRandomValues: unknown }).getRandomValues = () => null;
+			}).toThrow();
+			expect(crypto.webcrypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(2))).toHaveLength(2);
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('error handling', () => {
 		it('should wrap DisallowedModuleError in ExecutionError', () => {
 			const resolver = createRequireResolver(defaultOpts);

packages/@n8n/task-runner/src/js-task-runner/js-task-runner.ts

@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 		this.requireResolver = createRequireResolver({
 			allowedBuiltInModules,
 			allowedExternalModules,
+			secureModules: this.mode === 'secure',
 		});
 
 		if (this.mode === 'secure') this.preventPrototypePollution(allowedExternalModules);

packages/@n8n/task-runner/src/js-task-runner/require-resolver.ts

@@ -15,13 +15,105 @@ export type RequireResolverOpts = {
 	 * execution sandbox. `"*"` means all are allowed.
 	 */
 	allowedExternalModules: Set<string> | '*';
+
+	/**
+	 * When true, return a write-blocking view of each resolved module. The
+	 * module cache is shared across every task in the runner process, so an
+	 * unprotected module object lets one task's changes leak into other tasks.
+	 */
+	secureModules?: boolean;
 };
 
 export type RequireResolver = (request: string) => unknown;
 
+type Constructor = new (...args: unknown[]) => object;
+
+const isWrappable = (value: unknown): value is object =>
+	value !== null && (typeof value === 'object' || typeof value === 'function');
+
+// Views (write-blocking proxies) keyed by their real target, plus the reverse
+// lookup used to unwrap `this`/arguments back to the real object before a
+// wrapped function runs. One view per target keeps identity stable across reads.
+const viewByTarget = new WeakMap<object, unknown>();
+const targetByView = new WeakMap<object, object>();
+
+const unwrap = (value: unknown): unknown =>
+	isWrappable(value) ? (targetByView.get(value) ?? value) : value;
+
+// A non-configurable, non-writable data property: a Proxy must hand back its
+// exact value (invariant), so it can't be wrapped.
+const isFixedData = (descriptor: PropertyDescriptor | undefined): boolean =>
+	!!descriptor && 'value' in descriptor && !descriptor.configurable && !descriptor.writable;
+
+// Secure a value read off the module. Normally wrap it in the membrane; when an
+// invariant forces us to return the exact object, freeze it best-effort instead
+// so it still can't be mutated for other tasks.
+function secureReadValue(value: unknown, mustReturnRaw: boolean): unknown {
+	if (!mustReturnRaw) return secureModuleExport(value);
+	if (isWrappable(value) && !Object.isFrozen(value)) {
+		try {
+			Object.freeze(value);
+		} catch {
+			// Non-freezable (e.g. a populated TypedArray) — nothing more we can do.
+		}
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+// Blocks every write (assignment incl. accessor setters, (re)definition,
+// deletion, prototype change) and wraps values read from the module — via both
+// property reads and descriptor reflection — so nested objects can't be mutated
+// either. Function calls forward to the real module with `this`/arguments
+// unwrapped, so internal-slot/brand checks still pass.
+const membraneHandler: ProxyHandler<object> = {
+	set: () => false,
+	defineProperty: () => false,
+	deleteProperty: () => false,
+	setPrototypeOf: () => false,
+	get(target, prop) {
+		const value = Reflect.get(target, prop, target) as unknown;
+		const descriptor = Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop);
+		return secureReadValue(value, isFixedData(descriptor));
+	},
+	getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop) {
+		const descriptor = Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop);
+		if (descriptor && 'value' in descriptor) {
+			descriptor.value = secureReadValue(descriptor.value, isFixedData(descriptor));
+		}
+		return descriptor;
+	},
+	apply: (target, thisArg, args) =>
+		Reflect.apply(target as (...a: unknown[]) => unknown, unwrap(thisArg), args.map(unwrap)),
+	// Return values are left unwrapped so callers keep ownership of what a
+	// module hands back (e.g. a Buffer they can still mutate).
+	construct: (target, args, newTarget) =>
+		Reflect.construct(target as Constructor, args.map(unwrap), unwrap(newTarget) as Constructor),
+};
+
+/**
+ * Wrap a resolved module in a write-blocking membrane. Proxying rather than
+ * `Object.freeze` avoids two problems: freezing throws on non-freezable
+ * exports (e.g. a non-empty `Buffer`/`TypedArray`), and it leaves accessor
+ * setters (e.g. `crypto.fips`) able to mutate shared process state. The
+ * membrane also wraps nested objects on read, so one task cannot mutate a
+ * module's nested state (e.g. `http.globalAgent`) for the others.
+ */
+export function secureModuleExport(resolved: unknown): unknown {
+	if (!isWrappable(resolved)) return resolved;
+
+	const cached = viewByTarget.get(resolved);
+	if (cached !== undefined) return cached;
+
+	const view = new Proxy(resolved, membraneHandler);
+	viewByTarget.set(resolved, view);
+	targetByView.set(view, resolved);
+	return view;
+}
+
 export function createRequireResolver({
 	allowedBuiltInModules,
 	allowedExternalModules,
+	secureModules = false,
 }: RequireResolverOpts) {
 	return (request: string) => {
 		const checkIsAllowed = (allowList: Set<string> | '*', moduleName: string) => {
@@ -37,6 +129,9 @@ export function createRequireResolver({
 			throw new ExecutionError(error);
 		}
 
-		return require(request) as unknown;
+		// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-require-imports
+		const resolved = require(request) as unknown;
+
+		return secureModules ? secureModuleExport(resolved) : resolved;
 	};
 }

packages/@n8n/tournament/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/tournament",
-  "version": "1.8.0",
+  "version": "1.8.1",
   "description": "Output compatible rewrite of riot tmpl",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "module": "src/index.ts",

packages/@n8n/tournament/src/VariablePolyfill.ts

@@ -109,6 +109,15 @@ const customPatches: Partial<Record<ParentKind['type'], CustomPatcher>> = {
 			polyfillVar(path, dataNode);
 		}
 	},
+	ArrowFunctionExpression(path, parent: namedTypes.ArrowFunctionExpression, dataNode) {
+		// A concise arrow body that is a bare identifier (`() => process`) must be
+		// routed through the data context like any other free read. Params are not
+		// the body, and body identifiers that reference a param are left alone by
+		// polyfillVar's in-scope check.
+		if (parent.body === path.node) {
+			polyfillVar(path, dataNode);
+		}
+	},
 };
 
 export const jsVariablePolyfill = (
@@ -134,6 +143,7 @@ export const jsVariablePolyfill = (
 				case 'MemberExpression':
 				case 'OptionalMemberExpression':
 				case 'VariableDeclarator':
+				case 'ArrowFunctionExpression':
 					if (!customPatches[parent.type]) {
 						throw new Error(`Couldn't find custom patcher for parent type: ${parent.type}`);
 					}
@@ -174,7 +184,6 @@ export const jsVariablePolyfill = (
 				// Do nothing
 				case 'Super':
 				case 'Identifier':
-				case 'ArrowFunctionExpression':
 				case 'FunctionDeclaration':
 				case 'FunctionExpression':
 				case 'ThisExpression':

packages/@n8n/workflow-sdk/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/workflow-sdk",
-  "version": "0.25.0",
+  "version": "0.25.1",
   "description": "TypeScript SDK for programmatically creating n8n workflows",
   "exports": {
     ".": {

packages/cli/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "n8n",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.4",
   "description": "n8n Workflow Automation Tool",
   "main": "dist/index",
   "types": "dist/index.d.ts",

packages/cli/src/__tests__/workflow-execute-additional-data.test.ts

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('WorkflowExecuteAdditionalData', () => {
 	mockInstance(Telemetry);
 	const workflowRepository = mockInstance(WorkflowRepository);
 	const activeExecutions = mockInstance(ActiveExecutions);
-	mockInstance(CredentialsPermissionChecker);
+	const credentialsPermissionChecker = mockInstance(CredentialsPermissionChecker);
 	mockInstance(SubworkflowPolicyChecker);
 	mockInstance(WorkflowStatisticsService);
 	mockInstance(WorkflowPublishHistoryRepository);
@@ -273,6 +273,100 @@ describe('WorkflowExecuteAdditionalData', () => {
 			expect(getVariablesSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(workflowId, undefined);
 		});
 
+		describe('credential permission check routing', () => {
+			const subWorkflowData = () =>
+				mock<IWorkflowBase>({
+					id: 'sub-id',
+					name: 'Sub Workflow',
+					nodes: [],
+					connections: {},
+					staticData: {},
+					settings: {},
+				});
+
+			beforeEach(() => {
+				vi.mocked(credentialsPermissionChecker.check).mockClear();
+				vi.mocked(credentialsPermissionChecker.checkForUser).mockClear();
+				vi.mocked(WorkflowExecute).mockClear();
+			});
+
+			it('checks credentials against the triggering user for an inline sub-workflow', async () => {
+				await executeWorkflow(
+					mock<IExecuteWorkflowInfo>({ id: undefined, code: subWorkflowData() }),
+					mock<IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData>({ userId: 'user-1' }),
+					mock<ExecuteWorkflowOptions>({
+						loadedWorkflowData: subWorkflowData(),
+						doNotWaitToFinish: false,
+						parentWorkflowId: 'parent-1',
+					}),
+				);
+
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.checkForUser).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+				expect(vi.mocked(credentialsPermissionChecker.checkForUser).mock.calls[0][0]).toBe(
+					'user-1',
+				);
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.check).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			});
+
+			it('checks credentials against the project for a database sub-workflow', async () => {
+				await executeWorkflow(
+					mock<IExecuteWorkflowInfo>({ id: 'db-id', code: undefined }),
+					mock<IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData>({ userId: 'user-1' }),
+					mock<ExecuteWorkflowOptions>({
+						loadedWorkflowData: subWorkflowData(),
+						doNotWaitToFinish: false,
+					}),
+				);
+
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.check).toHaveBeenCalled();
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.checkForUser).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			});
+
+			it('falls back to the project check for an inline sub-workflow without a triggering user', async () => {
+				await executeWorkflow(
+					mock<IExecuteWorkflowInfo>({ id: undefined, code: subWorkflowData() }),
+					mock<IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData>({ userId: undefined }),
+					mock<ExecuteWorkflowOptions>({
+						loadedWorkflowData: subWorkflowData(),
+						doNotWaitToFinish: false,
+						parentWorkflowId: 'parent-1',
+					}),
+				);
+
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.check).toHaveBeenCalled();
+				expect(credentialsPermissionChecker.checkForUser).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			});
+
+			it('preserves the triggering user in the sub-workflow additional data for inline sub-workflows so nested inline calls stay scoped to that user', async () => {
+				await executeWorkflow(
+					mock<IExecuteWorkflowInfo>({ id: undefined, code: subWorkflowData() }),
+					mock<IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData>({ userId: 'user-1' }),
+					mock<ExecuteWorkflowOptions>({
+						loadedWorkflowData: subWorkflowData(),
+						doNotWaitToFinish: false,
+						parentWorkflowId: 'parent-1',
+					}),
+				);
+
+				const integratedAdditionalData = vi.mocked(WorkflowExecute).mock.calls[0][0];
+				expect(integratedAdditionalData.userId).toBe('user-1');
+			});
+
+			it('does not carry the triggering user into a database sub-workflow (runs under its own project scope)', async () => {
+				await executeWorkflow(
+					mock<IExecuteWorkflowInfo>({ id: 'db-id', code: undefined }),
+					mock<IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData>({ userId: 'user-1' }),
+					mock<ExecuteWorkflowOptions>({
+						loadedWorkflowData: subWorkflowData(),
+						doNotWaitToFinish: false,
+					}),
+				);
+
+				const integratedAdditionalData = vi.mocked(WorkflowExecute).mock.calls[0][0];
+				expect(integratedAdditionalData.userId).toBeUndefined();
+			});
+		});
+
 		describe('sub-workflow dynamic credential reporting', () => {
 			const getMockRunWithCredentialFlags = (task: Partial<ITaskData>, executedByUserId?: string) =>
 				mock<IRun>({

packages/cli/src/executions/pre-execution-checks/__tests__/credentials-permission-checker.test.ts

@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ import {
 	type SharedCredentialsRepository,
 	type CredentialsRepository,
 	type CredentialsEntity,
+	type UserRepository,
 	GLOBAL_OWNER_ROLE,
+	GLOBAL_MEMBER_ROLE,
 } from '@n8n/db';
 import type { INode } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { mock } from 'vitest-mock-extended';
 
+import type { CredentialsFinderService } from '@/credentials/credentials-finder.service';
 import type { NodeTypes } from '@/node-types';
 import type { OwnershipService } from '@/services/ownership.service';
 import type { ProjectService } from '@/services/project.service.ee';
@@ -21,12 +24,16 @@ describe('CredentialsPermissionChecker', () => {
 	const ownershipService = mock<OwnershipService>();
 	const projectService = mock<ProjectService>();
 	const nodeTypes = mock<NodeTypes>();
+	const userRepository = mock<UserRepository>();
+	const credentialsFinderService = mock<CredentialsFinderService>();
 	const permissionChecker = new CredentialsPermissionChecker(
 		sharedCredentialsRepository,
 		credentialsRepository,
 		ownershipService,
 		projectService,
 		nodeTypes,
+		userRepository,
+		credentialsFinderService,
 	);
 
 	const workflowId = 'workflow123';
@@ -302,6 +309,82 @@ describe('CredentialsPermissionChecker', () => {
 			);
 		});
 
+		it('should check the credential when genericAuthType is an expression', async () => {
+			const victimCredentialId = 'victim-cred';
+			const httpRequestNodeWithExpressionAuth: INode = {
+				id: 'node-3',
+				name: 'HTTP Request',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+				typeVersion: 4.2,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: {
+					authentication: 'genericCredentialType',
+					// Resolves to "httpHeaderAuth" only at execution time
+					genericAuthType: '={{ "httpHeaderAuth" }}',
+				},
+				credentials: {
+					httpHeaderAuth: {
+						id: victimCredentialId,
+						name: 'Victim Header Auth',
+					},
+				},
+			};
+
+			nodeTypes.getByNameAndVersion.mockReturnValue({
+				description: { credentials: [] },
+			} as never);
+
+			sharedCredentialsRepository.getFilteredAccessibleCredentials.mockResolvedValue([]);
+			credentialsRepository.find.mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+			await expect(
+				permissionChecker.check(workflowId, [httpRequestNodeWithExpressionAuth]),
+			).rejects.toThrow('Node "HTTP Request" does not have access to the credential');
+
+			// The unresolved expression must not let the credential bypass the check
+			expect(sharedCredentialsRepository.getFilteredAccessibleCredentials).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				[teamProject.id],
+				[victimCredentialId],
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should check the credential when nodeCredentialType is an expression', async () => {
+			const victimCredentialId = 'victim-cred';
+			const httpRequestNodeWithExpressionAuth: INode = {
+				id: 'node-4',
+				name: 'HTTP Request',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+				typeVersion: 4.3,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: {
+					authentication: 'predefinedCredentialType',
+					nodeCredentialType: '={{ "googleOAuth2Api" }}',
+				},
+				credentials: {
+					googleOAuth2Api: {
+						id: victimCredentialId,
+						name: 'Victim OAuth2',
+					},
+				},
+			};
+
+			nodeTypes.getByNameAndVersion.mockReturnValue({
+				description: { credentials: [] },
+			} as never);
+
+			sharedCredentialsRepository.getFilteredAccessibleCredentials.mockResolvedValue([]);
+			credentialsRepository.find.mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+			await expect(
+				permissionChecker.check(workflowId, [httpRequestNodeWithExpressionAuth]),
+			).rejects.toThrow('Node "HTTP Request" does not have access to the credential');
+
+			expect(sharedCredentialsRepository.getFilteredAccessibleCredentials).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				[teamProject.id],
+				[victimCredentialId],
+			);
+		});
+
 		it('should fall back to checking all credentials if node type cannot be resolved', async () => {
 			nodeTypes.getByNameAndVersion.mockImplementation(() => {
 				throw new Error('Unknown node type');
@@ -322,4 +405,56 @@ describe('CredentialsPermissionChecker', () => {
 			);
 		});
 	});
+
+	describe('checkForUser', () => {
+		const userId = 'user-123';
+
+		it('should not throw when the workflow has no credentials', async () => {
+			await expect(permissionChecker.checkForUser(userId, [])).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+			expect(userRepository.findOne).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when the triggering user cannot be resolved', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValueOnce(null);
+
+			await expect(permissionChecker.checkForUser(userId, [node])).rejects.toThrow(
+				'Node "Test Node" uses a credential you do not have access to',
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when the user does not have access to the credential', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+				mock<User>({ id: userId, role: GLOBAL_MEMBER_ROLE }),
+			);
+			credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser.mockResolvedValueOnce([]);
+
+			await expect(permissionChecker.checkForUser(userId, [node])).rejects.toThrow(
+				'Node "Test Node" uses a credential you do not have access to',
+			);
+			expect(credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				expect.objectContaining({ id: userId }),
+				['credential:read'],
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should not throw when the user has access to the credential', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+				mock<User>({ id: userId, role: GLOBAL_MEMBER_ROLE }),
+			);
+			credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser.mockResolvedValueOnce([
+				mock<CredentialsEntity>({ id: credentialId }),
+			]);
+
+			await expect(permissionChecker.checkForUser(userId, [node])).resolves.not.toThrow();
+		});
+
+		it('should skip the check for a user with instance-wide credential listing', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValueOnce(mock<User>({ role: GLOBAL_OWNER_ROLE }));
+
+			await expect(permissionChecker.checkForUser(userId, [node])).resolves.not.toThrow();
+			expect(credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
 });

packages/cli/src/executions/pre-execution-checks/credentials-permission-checker.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import type { Project } from '@n8n/db';
-import { CredentialsRepository, SharedCredentialsRepository } from '@n8n/db';
+import { CredentialsRepository, SharedCredentialsRepository, UserRepository } from '@n8n/db';
 import { Service } from '@n8n/di';
 import { hasGlobalScope } from '@n8n/permissions';
 import type { INode } from 'n8n-workflow';
-import { displayParameter, UserError } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import { displayParameter, isExpression, UserError } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
+import { CredentialsFinderService } from '@/credentials/credentials-finder.service';
 import { NodeTypes } from '@/node-types';
 import { OwnershipService } from '@/services/ownership.service';
 import { ProjectService } from '@/services/project.service.ee';
@@ -17,6 +18,15 @@ class InvalidCredentialError extends UserError {
 	}
 }
 
+class InaccessibleCredentialForUserError extends UserError {
+	override description =
+		'This node uses a credential you do not have access to. Ask its owner to share it with you.';
+
+	constructor(readonly node: INode) {
+		super(`Node "${node.name}" uses a credential you do not have access to`);
+	}
+}
+
 class InaccessibleCredentialError extends UserError {
 	override description =
 		this.project.type === 'personal'
@@ -39,8 +49,48 @@ export class CredentialsPermissionChecker {
 		private readonly ownershipService: OwnershipService,
 		private readonly projectService: ProjectService,
 		private readonly nodeTypes: NodeTypes,
+		private readonly userRepository: UserRepository,
+		private readonly credentialsFinderService: CredentialsFinderService,
 	) {}
 
+	/**
+	 * Check that a specific user can use every credential referenced by the given
+	 * nodes. Used for sub-workflows whose source is not a stored database workflow
+	 * (inline/parameter, file, url): these carry no project of their own, so their
+	 * credentials must be evaluated against the user triggering the run rather than
+	 * against the parent workflow's project.
+	 */
+	async checkForUser(userId: string, nodes: INode[]) {
+		const credIdsToNodes = this.mapCredIdsToNodes(nodes);
+		const workflowCredIds = Object.keys(credIdsToNodes);
+
+		if (workflowCredIds.length === 0) return;
+
+		// Load the role relation (scopes are eager) so hasGlobalScope can resolve.
+		const user = await this.userRepository.findOne({
+			where: { id: userId },
+			relations: ['role'],
+		});
+		if (!user) {
+			// Cannot resolve the triggering user - fail closed.
+			throw new InaccessibleCredentialForUserError(credIdsToNodes[workflowCredIds[0]][0]);
+		}
+
+		// A user with instance-wide credential listing can use any credential.
+		if (hasGlobalScope(user, 'credential:list')) return;
+
+		const accessibleCredentials = await this.credentialsFinderService.findCredentialsForUser(user, [
+			'credential:read',
+		]);
+		const accessibleSet = new Set(accessibleCredentials.map((cred) => cred.id));
+
+		for (const credentialsId of workflowCredIds) {
+			if (!accessibleSet.has(credentialsId)) {
+				throw new InaccessibleCredentialForUserError(credIdsToNodes[credentialsId][0]);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Check if a workflow has the ability to execute based on the projects it's apart of.
 	 */
@@ -141,6 +191,10 @@ export class CredentialsPermissionChecker {
 			// the active credential is specified by the nodeCredentialType parameter
 			const { nodeCredentialType } = node.parameters;
 			if (typeof nodeCredentialType === 'string' && nodeCredentialType) {
+				// An expression only resolves to its real type at execution time, so the
+				// static filter can't know which credential it activates. Check all
+				// referenced credentials rather than trust the unresolved literal.
+				if (isExpression(nodeCredentialType)) return null;
 				activeTypes.add(nodeCredentialType);
 			}
 
@@ -149,6 +203,7 @@ export class CredentialsPermissionChecker {
 			// specified by the genericAuthType parameter
 			const { genericAuthType } = node.parameters;
 			if (typeof genericAuthType === 'string' && genericAuthType) {
+				if (isExpression(genericAuthType)) return null;
 				activeTypes.add(genericAuthType);
 			}
 

packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/__tests__/instance-ai.adapter.service.test.ts

@@ -3767,3 +3767,36 @@ describe('createContext — builder delegate telemetry', () => {
 		expect(delegate.listAgents).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 	});
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// createContext — run model wiring
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('createContext — run model wiring', () => {
+	const mockUser = { id: 'user-1', role: { slug: 'global:member' } } as unknown as User;
+
+	// Guards the one link of the INS-948 fix that instance-ai's own unit tests
+	// cannot see: the run's resolved (proxy-aware) model must land on the domain
+	// context, where simulation fixture/classifier LLM calls read it as their
+	// fallback on deployments without env model keys (cloud). Dropping this
+	// wiring regresses silently — every simulated node degrades back to a
+	// single empty pinned item.
+	it('copies the host-resolved modelId onto the context', () => {
+		const service = createAdapterWithGatewayMock(vi.fn());
+		const modelId = {
+			id: 'anthropic/claude-opus-4-8' as const,
+			url: 'https://proxy.example.com/anthropic/v1',
+			apiKey: 'proxy-token',
+		};
+
+		const context = service.createContext(mockUser, { modelId });
+
+		expect(context.modelId).toEqual(modelId);
+	});
+
+	it('leaves modelId undefined when the host does not resolve one', () => {
+		const service = createAdapterWithGatewayMock(vi.fn());
+
+		expect(service.createContext(mockUser).modelId).toBeUndefined();
+	});
+});

packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/__tests__/instance-ai.service.test.ts

@@ -660,6 +660,7 @@ type TerminalGuardOrderServiceInternals = {
 	backgroundTasks: { getRunningTasks: Mock };
 	temporaryWorkflowService: { reapForRun: Mock };
 	creditService: { claimRunUsage: Mock };
+	failedInternalFollowUpStreaks: Map<string, number>;
 	schedulePlannedTasks: Mock;
 	drainPendingCheckpointReentries: Mock;
 	taskProjector: { syncFromWorkflowLoop: Mock };
@@ -756,6 +757,7 @@ function createTerminalGuardOrderService(): TerminalGuardOrderServiceInternals {
 	service.backgroundTasks = { getRunningTasks: vi.fn(() => []) };
 	service.temporaryWorkflowService = { reapForRun: vi.fn(async () => []) };
 	service.creditService = { claimRunUsage: vi.fn(async () => {}) };
+	service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks = new Map();
 	service.schedulePlannedTasks = vi.fn(async () => {});
 	service.drainPendingCheckpointReentries = vi.fn(async () => {});
 	service.preserveHitlOnShutdown = new Set();
@@ -3910,6 +3912,7 @@ describe('InstanceAiService — clearThreadState agent-builder cleanup', () => {
 		runState: { clearThread: Mock };
 		backgroundTasks: { cancelThread: Mock };
 		schedulerLocks: Map<string, unknown>;
+		failedInternalFollowUpStreaks: Map<string, number>;
 		liveness: { clearThreadState: Mock };
 		domainAccessTrackersByThread: Map<string, unknown>;
 		evalCredentialAllowlists: EvalThreadCredentialAllowlistService;
@@ -3938,6 +3941,7 @@ describe('InstanceAiService — clearThreadState agent-builder cleanup', () => {
 		service.runState = { clearThread: vi.fn(() => ({ active: undefined, suspended: undefined })) };
 		service.backgroundTasks = { cancelThread: vi.fn(() => []) };
 		service.schedulerLocks = new Map();
+		service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks = new Map();
 		service.liveness = { clearThreadState: vi.fn() };
 		service.domainAccessTrackersByThread = new Map();
 		service.evalCredentialAllowlists = new EvalThreadCredentialAllowlistService();
@@ -4065,3 +4069,126 @@ describe('createAgentMemoryOptions', () => {
 		expect(service.creditService.claimRunUsage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 	});
 });
+
+type FollowUpStreakServiceInternals = {
+	failedInternalFollowUpStreaks: Map<string, number>;
+	updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak: (
+		threadId: string,
+		status: 'completed' | 'cancelled' | 'error' | 'suspended' | undefined,
+		isInternalFollowUp: boolean,
+	) => void;
+	startInternalFollowUpRun: (user: User, threadId: string, message: string) => Promise<string>;
+	startExecuteRun: Mock;
+	defaultTimeZone: string;
+	runState: {
+		hasLiveRun: Mock;
+		startRun: Mock;
+		getTimeZone: Mock;
+	};
+	logger: { warn: Mock; debug: Mock; error: Mock };
+};
+
+function createFollowUpStreakService(): FollowUpStreakServiceInternals {
+	// Bypass the constructor — we only exercise the follow-up circuit breaker
+	// and the run-start path it gates.
+	const service = Object.create(
+		InstanceAiService.prototype,
+	) as unknown as FollowUpStreakServiceInternals;
+
+	service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks = new Map();
+	service.startExecuteRun = vi.fn();
+	service.defaultTimeZone = 'UTC';
+	service.runState = {
+		hasLiveRun: vi.fn(() => false),
+		startRun: vi.fn(() => ({ runId: 'follow-up-run', abortController: new AbortController() })),
+		getTimeZone: vi.fn(() => undefined),
+	};
+	service.logger = { warn: vi.fn(), debug: vi.fn(), error: vi.fn() };
+
+	return service;
+}
+
+describe('InstanceAiService — internal follow-up failure streak', () => {
+	describe('updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak', () => {
+		it('counts consecutive errored internal follow-up runs per thread', () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-a')).toBe(2);
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-b')).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('does not count errored runs that were not internal follow-ups', () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', false);
+
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-a')).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('resets the streak when a run completes or suspends', () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+
+			service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.set('thread-a', 3);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'completed', false);
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-a')).toBeUndefined();
+
+			service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.set('thread-a', 3);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'suspended', true);
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-a')).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('keeps the streak unchanged on cancelled runs and missing terminal status', () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+			service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.set('thread-a', 2);
+
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'cancelled', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', undefined, true);
+
+			expect(service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get('thread-a')).toBe(2);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('startInternalFollowUpRun circuit breaker', () => {
+		it('starts the follow-up while the streak is below the cap', async () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+			service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.set('thread-a', 2);
+
+			const runId = await service.startInternalFollowUpRun(fakeUser, 'thread-a', 'verify');
+
+			expect(runId).toBe('follow-up-run');
+			expect(service.startExecuteRun).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('skips the follow-up once the streak reaches the cap', async () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+
+			const runId = await service.startInternalFollowUpRun(fakeUser, 'thread-a', 'verify');
+
+			expect(runId).toBe('');
+			expect(service.startExecuteRun).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(service.logger.warn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				'Skipping internal follow-up: consecutive follow-up runs keep failing',
+				expect.objectContaining({ threadId: 'thread-a', failedStreak: 3 }),
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('allows follow-ups again after a healthy run resets the streak', async () => {
+			const service = createFollowUpStreakService();
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'error', true);
+			service.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak('thread-a', 'completed', false);
+
+			const runId = await service.startInternalFollowUpRun(fakeUser, 'thread-a', 'verify');
+
+			expect(runId).toBe('follow-up-run');
+			expect(service.startExecuteRun).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
+});

packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/__tests__/instance-ai.service.threadPushRef.test.ts

@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ describe('InstanceAiService — threadPushRef lifetime', () => {
 			runState: { clearThread: Mock };
 			backgroundTasks: { cancelThread: Mock };
 			schedulerLocks: Map<string, unknown>;
+			failedInternalFollowUpStreaks: Map<string, number>;
 			liveness: { clearThreadState: Mock };
 			domainAccessTrackersByThread: Map<string, unknown>;
 			evalCredentialAllowlists: EvalThreadCredentialAllowlistService;
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ describe('InstanceAiService — threadPushRef lifetime', () => {
 		};
 		service.backgroundTasks = { cancelThread: vi.fn(() => []) };
 		service.schedulerLocks = new Map();
+		service.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks = new Map();
 		service.liveness = { clearThreadState: vi.fn() };
 		service.domainAccessTrackersByThread = new Map();
 		service.evalCredentialAllowlists = new EvalThreadCredentialAllowlistService();

packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/instance-ai.adapter.service.ts

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import type {
 	EvaluationConfigSummary,
 	UpsertEvaluationConfigInput,
 	InstanceAiBuilderDelegate,
+	ModelConfig,
 } from '@n8n/instance-ai';
 import { braveSearch, searxngSearch, type WebSearchResponse } from '@n8n/ai-utilities';
 import {
@@ -296,6 +297,9 @@ export class InstanceAiAdapterService {
 			/** Per-user config-evals gate (via `isConfigEvalsEnabled`). Falsy →
 			 *  eval-config service/tool not wired. */
 			configEvalsEnabled?: boolean;
+			/** Host-resolved model for the run — fallback for utility LLM calls
+			 *  (simulation fixtures, destructiveness classification). */
+			modelId?: ModelConfig;
 		},
 	): InstanceAiContext {
 		const {
@@ -306,6 +310,7 @@ export class InstanceAiAdapterService {
 			credentialIdAllowlist,
 			agentId,
 			configEvalsEnabled,
+			modelId,
 		} = options ?? {};
 
 		// Record gateway availability once per context. Fire-and-forget: the
@@ -317,6 +322,7 @@ export class InstanceAiAdapterService {
 		return {
 			userId: user.id,
 			projectId,
+			modelId,
 			workflowService: this.createWorkflowAdapter(user, threadId, projectId),
 			executionService: this.createExecutionAdapter(user, pushRef, threadId),
 			credentialService: this.createCredentialAdapter(user, projectId, credentialIdAllowlist),

packages/cli/src/modules/instance-ai/instance-ai.service.ts

@@ -360,6 +360,14 @@ type RunFinishErrorInfo = {
 
 const MAX_CONCURRENT_BACKGROUND_TASKS_PER_THREAD = 5;
 
+/**
+ * Circuit breaker for machine-started follow-up runs (verification, synthesize,
+ * replan, …). A follow-up that dies before the agent can settle its trigger
+ * (e.g. sandbox setup fails on an exhausted quota) would otherwise be re-armed
+ * by its own post-run scheduler tick, producing an unbounded error loop.
+ */
+const MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILED_INTERNAL_FOLLOW_UPS = 3;
+
 const TITLE_REFINE_HISTORY_LIMIT = 50;
 
 /** Collapse the frontend's typed confirmation union into the flat payload
@@ -454,6 +462,14 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 	/** Per-thread promise chain that serializes schedulePlannedTasks calls. */
 	private readonly schedulerLocks = new Map<string, Promise<void>>();
 
+	/**
+	 * Consecutive machine-started follow-up runs that errored, per thread.
+	 * Gates `startInternalFollowUpRun` so a follow-up whose run keeps failing
+	 * (its trigger left unsettled) cannot re-arm itself forever; reset by any
+	 * run that completes or suspends, i.e. proves the thread is healthy again.
+	 */
+	private readonly failedInternalFollowUpStreaks = new Map<string, number>();
+
 	/**
 	 * Checkpoint re-entries that could not fire when their parent-tagged child
 	 * settled (an orchestrator run was live, or other parent siblings were
@@ -1397,6 +1413,7 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 		});
 
 		this.schedulerLocks.delete(threadId);
+		this.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.delete(threadId);
 		this.domainAccessTrackersByThread.delete(threadId);
 		this.evalCredentialAllowlists.clearThread(threadId);
 		this.threadPushRef.delete(threadId);
@@ -1978,6 +1995,11 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 		const { searchProxyConfig, tracingProxyConfig, tokenManager, proxyBaseUrl } =
 			proxyRunConfig ?? (await this.createProxyRunConfig(user));
 
+		const modelId =
+			proxyBaseUrl && tokenManager
+				? await this.modelService.resolveProxyModel(user, proxyBaseUrl, tokenManager)
+				: await this.modelService.resolveAgentModelConfig(user);
+
 		const configEvalsEnabled = await this.adapterService.isConfigEvalsEnabled(user);
 		const context = this.adapterService.createContext(user, {
 			searchProxyConfig,
@@ -1986,6 +2008,7 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 			projectId: boundProjectId,
 			credentialIdAllowlist: this.evalCredentialAllowlists.get(threadId),
 			configEvalsEnabled,
+			modelId,
 		});
 
 		// Merge both local gateway and direct browser-use into a single
@@ -2080,11 +2103,6 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 			};
 		}
 
-		const modelId =
-			proxyBaseUrl && tokenManager
-				? await this.modelService.resolveProxyModel(user, proxyBaseUrl, tokenManager)
-				: await this.modelService.resolveAgentModelConfig(user);
-
 		const taskStorage = new ThreadTaskStorage(memory);
 		const iterationLog = this.dbIterationLogStorage;
 		const snapshotStorage = this.dbSnapshotStorage;
@@ -2767,6 +2785,29 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 		);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Feed the follow-up circuit breaker from a run's terminal status. Errored
+	 * machine-started follow-ups (`isInternalFollowUp`) extend the streak; any
+	 * run that completes or suspends proves the thread executes again and
+	 * resets it. Cancelled runs carry no signal either way.
+	 */
+	private updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak(
+		threadId: string,
+		status: MessageTraceFinalization['status'] | undefined,
+		isInternalFollowUp: boolean,
+	): void {
+		if (status === 'completed' || status === 'suspended') {
+			this.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.delete(threadId);
+			return;
+		}
+		if (status === 'error' && isInternalFollowUp) {
+			this.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.set(
+				threadId,
+				(this.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get(threadId) ?? 0) + 1,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
 	private async startInternalFollowUpRun(
 		user: User,
 		threadId: string,
@@ -2782,6 +2823,16 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 			return '';
 		}
 
+		const failedStreak = this.failedInternalFollowUpStreaks.get(threadId) ?? 0;
+		if (failedStreak >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILED_INTERNAL_FOLLOW_UPS) {
+			this.logger.warn('Skipping internal follow-up: consecutive follow-up runs keep failing', {
+				threadId,
+				failedStreak,
+				resumeReason: resumeReasonOverride,
+			});
+			return '';
+		}
+
 		const { runId, abortController } = this.runState.startRun({
 			threadId,
 			user,
@@ -3883,6 +3934,13 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 					this.liveness.consumeRunTimeout(runId);
 				}
 			}
+			// Must precede the reschedule below: the next tick consults the streak
+			// before re-arming another follow-up for the same unsettled trigger.
+			this.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak(
+				threadId,
+				messageTraceFinalization?.status,
+				resumeReason !== undefined,
+			);
 			// Post-run planned-task wiring (only when the run is actually ending,
 			// not when it merely suspended for HITL):
 			//   1. Checkpoint deadlock fallback — if this run was a checkpoint
@@ -5029,6 +5087,13 @@ export class InstanceAiService {
 					this.liveness.consumeRunTimeout(opts.runId);
 				}
 			}
+			// Resumed runs are user-driven, so they never extend the failure
+			// streak — but a healthy one resets it before the reschedule below.
+			this.updateInternalFollowUpFailureStreak(
+				opts.threadId,
+				messageTraceFinalization?.status,
+				false,
+			);
 			// Post-run planned-task wiring — mirror the executeRun finally.
 			// Resumed ordinary-chat runs also need to drive the scheduler in case
 			// a background task settled while they were active or suspended and

packages/cli/src/modules/redaction/executions/strategies/__tests__/full-item-redaction.strategy.test.ts

@@ -440,6 +440,92 @@ describe('FullItemRedactionStrategy', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('executionData subtrees', () => {
+		const stackNode = {
+			id: 'node-1',
+			name: 'Test Node',
+			type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+			typeVersion: 1,
+			position: [0, 0] as [number, number],
+			parameters: {},
+		};
+
+		it('clears item json and binary in nodeExecutionStack', async () => {
+			const execution = makeExecution({});
+			execution.data.executionData!.nodeExecutionStack = [
+				{
+					node: stackNode,
+					source: null,
+					data: {
+						main: [
+							[
+								{
+									json: { secret: 'stack-value' },
+									binary: { file: { mimeType: 'text/plain', data: 'abc' } },
+								},
+							],
+						],
+					},
+				},
+			];
+
+			await strategy.apply(execution, makeContext());
+
+			const item = execution.data.executionData!.nodeExecutionStack[0].data.main[0]![0];
+			expect(item.json).toEqual({});
+			expect(item.binary).toBeUndefined();
+			expect(item.redaction).toEqual({ redacted: true, reason: 'workflow_redaction_policy' });
+		});
+
+		it('moves item error to redaction.error in nodeExecutionStack', async () => {
+			const error = new NodeApiError(stackNode, { message: 'Bad Gateway' }, { httpCode: '502' });
+			const execution = makeExecution({});
+			execution.data.executionData!.nodeExecutionStack = [
+				{
+					node: stackNode,
+					source: null,
+					data: { main: [[{ json: { secret: 'stack-value' }, error }]] },
+				},
+			];
+
+			await strategy.apply(execution, makeContext());
+
+			const item = execution.data.executionData!.nodeExecutionStack[0].data.main[0]![0];
+			expect(item.error).toBeUndefined();
+			expect(item.redaction?.error).toEqual({ type: 'NodeApiError', httpCode: '502' });
+		});
+
+		it('clears item json and binary in waitingExecution', async () => {
+			const execution = makeExecution({});
+			execution.data.executionData!.waitingExecution = {
+				'Test Node': {
+					0: {
+						main: [
+							[
+								{
+									json: { secret: 'waiting-value' },
+									binary: { file: { mimeType: 'text/plain', data: 'abc' } },
+								},
+							],
+						],
+					},
+				},
+			};
+
+			await strategy.apply(execution, makeContext());
+
+			const item = execution.data.executionData!.waitingExecution['Test Node'][0].main[0]![0];
+			expect(item.json).toEqual({});
+			expect(item.binary).toBeUndefined();
+			expect(item.redaction).toEqual({ redacted: true, reason: 'workflow_redaction_policy' });
+		});
+
+		it('does nothing when executionData has no stack or waiting items', async () => {
+			const execution = makeExecution({});
+			await expect(strategy.apply(execution, makeContext())).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('redactionInfo', () => {
 		it('sets isRedacted: true with canReveal from context', async () => {
 			const execution = makeExecution({

packages/cli/src/modules/redaction/executions/strategies/full-item-redaction.strategy.ts

@@ -53,6 +53,22 @@ export class FullItemRedactionStrategy implements IExecutionRedactionStrategy {
 			delete resultData.error;
 		}
 
+		const executionData = execution.data.executionData;
+
+		if (executionData) {
+			for (const executeData of executionData.nodeExecutionStack ?? []) {
+				if (executeData.data) {
+					this.redactConnections(executeData.data, reason);
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (const runIndexMap of Object.values(executionData.waitingExecution ?? {})) {
+				for (const waitingExecution of Object.values(runIndexMap)) {
+					this.redactConnections(waitingExecution, reason);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		execution.data.redactionInfo = {
 			...execution.data.redactionInfo,
 			isRedacted: true,

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/services/__tests__/identity-resolution.service.test.ts

@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ import type { EventService } from '@/events/event.service';
 import type { RoleService } from '@/services/role.service';
 import type { UserService } from '@/services/user.service';
 
+import type { TokenExchangeConfig } from '../../token-exchange.config';
 import { TokenExchangeAuthError } from '../../token-exchange.errors';
 import type { ExternalTokenClaims } from '../../token-exchange.schemas';
+import { TokenExchangeFailureReason } from '../../token-exchange.types';
 import { IdentityResolutionService } from '../identity-resolution.service';
 import type { TrustedKeyService } from '../trusted-key.service';
 
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ const eventService = mock<EventService>();
 const userService = mock<UserService>();
 const trustedKeyService = mock<TrustedKeyService>();
 const roleService = mock<RoleService>();
+const config = mock<TokenExchangeConfig>();
 
 const service = new IdentityResolutionService(
 	logger,
@@ -35,10 +38,20 @@ const service = new IdentityResolutionService(
 	userService,
 	trustedKeyService,
 	roleService,
+	config,
 );
 
 const CUSTOM_ROLE = 'global:custom-abc123';
 
+function makeUser(roleSlug: string): User {
+	return {
+		...mock<User>(),
+		id: 'user-id',
+		email: 'user@example.com',
+		role: { ...mock<User['role']>(), slug: roleSlug },
+	} as User;
+}
+
 function makeClaims(overrides: Partial<ExternalTokenClaims> = {}): ExternalTokenClaims {
 	return {
 		sub: 'external-user-1',
@@ -52,11 +65,19 @@ function makeClaims(overrides: Partial<ExternalTokenClaims> = {}): ExternalToken
 	};
 }
 
+function ctx(requireVerifiedEmail = false) {
+	return { kid: 'kid-1', issuer: 'https://issuer.example.com', requireVerifiedEmail };
+}
+
 describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 	beforeEach(() => {
 		vi.clearAllMocks();
 		roleService.isGlobalRole.mockResolvedValue(true);
 		roleService.isRoleLicensed.mockReturnValue(true);
+		config.excludeOwner = false;
+		// Default: no linked identity, no existing user (JIT territory unless overridden).
+		authIdentityRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(null);
+		userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(null);
 	});
 
 	describe('JIT provisioning (new user)', () => {
@@ -78,7 +99,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		});
 
 		it('provisions a licensed custom global role', async () => {
-			const user = await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }));
+			const user = await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(user.id).toBe('new-user-1');
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -92,7 +113,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		});
 
 		it('provisions a built-in global role without a license check', async () => {
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:member' }));
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:member' }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(roleService.isRoleLicensed).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -102,7 +123,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		});
 
 		it('defaults to global:member when no role claim is present', async () => {
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims());
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims(), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
 				expect.objectContaining({ role: GLOBAL_MEMBER_ROLE }),
@@ -117,35 +138,35 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		it('throws when the role is not an existing global role', async () => {
 			roleService.isGlobalRole.mockResolvedValue(false);
 
-			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:nonexistent' }))).rejects.toThrow(
+			await expect(
-				TokenExchangeAuthError,
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:nonexistent' }), undefined, ctx()),
-			);
+			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
 
 		it('throws when a custom role is unlicensed', async () => {
 			roleService.isRoleLicensed.mockReturnValue(false);
 
-			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }))).rejects.toThrow(
+			await expect(
-				TokenExchangeAuthError,
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), undefined, ctx()),
-			);
+			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
 
 		it('throws on a global:owner role claim', async () => {
-			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:owner' }))).rejects.toThrow(
+			await expect(
-				TokenExchangeAuthError,
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:owner' }), undefined, ctx()),
-			);
+			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 		});
 
 		it('throws when the role is not in the key allowedRoles', async () => {
 			await expect(
-				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), ['global:member']),
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), ['global:member'], ctx()),
 			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 		});
 
 		it('provisions when the role is in the key allowedRoles', async () => {
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), [CUSTOM_ROLE]);
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), [CUSTOM_ROLE], ctx());
 
 			expect(userRepository.createUserWithProject).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
 				expect.objectContaining({ role: { slug: CUSTOM_ROLE } }),
@@ -165,7 +186,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		it('changes to a licensed custom role and emits an update event', async () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:member');
 
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }));
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.anything(), {
 				newRoleName: CUSTOM_ROLE,
@@ -180,7 +201,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:member');
 			roleService.isGlobalRole.mockResolvedValue(false);
 
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:nonexistent' }));
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:nonexistent' }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
@@ -189,16 +210,16 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:member');
 			roleService.isRoleLicensed.mockReturnValue(false);
 
-			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }))).rejects.toThrow(
+			await expect(
-				TokenExchangeAuthError,
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), undefined, ctx()),
-			);
+			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
 
 		it('never changes the role of an existing owner', async () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:owner');
 
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }));
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
@@ -206,7 +227,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 		it('ignores a global:owner role claim', async () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:member');
 
-			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:owner' }));
+			await service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: 'global:owner' }), undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
@@ -215,9 +236,89 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService', () => {
 			mockLinkedUser('global:member');
 
 			await expect(
-				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), ['global:member']),
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ role: CUSTOM_ROLE }), ['global:member'], ctx()),
 			).rejects.toThrow(TokenExchangeAuthError);
 			expect(userService.changeUserRole).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		});
 	});
+
+	describe('allowedRoles authority ceiling', () => {
+		it('rejects when a key authenticates as an existing user whose role exceeds allowedRoles (email match)', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(makeUser('global:owner'));
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx())).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				reason: TokenExchangeFailureReason.RoleNotAllowed,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('rejects when an already-linked identity resolves to a user whose role exceeds allowedRoles', async () => {
+			authIdentityRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+				mock<AuthIdentity>({ user: makeUser('global:owner') }),
+			);
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx())).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(
+				TokenExchangeAuthError,
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('resolves the existing user when its role is within allowedRoles', async () => {
+			const member = makeUser('global:member');
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(member);
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx())).resolves.toBe(member);
+		});
+
+		it('resolves any existing user when allowedRoles is undefined (unrestricted)', async () => {
+			const owner = makeUser('global:owner');
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(owner);
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), undefined, ctx())).resolves.toBe(owner);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('excludeOwner lockout', () => {
+		it('rejects an owner even when allowedRoles explicitly permits it', async () => {
+			config.excludeOwner = true;
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(makeUser('global:owner'));
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:owner'], ctx())).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				reason: TokenExchangeFailureReason.RoleNotAllowed,
+			});
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('requireVerifiedEmail', () => {
+		it('rejects email-fallback linking when email_verified is missing', async () => {
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(makeUser('global:member'));
+
+			await expect(
+				service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx(true)),
+			).rejects.toMatchObject({ reason: TokenExchangeFailureReason.EmailNotVerified });
+		});
+
+		it('rejects JIT provisioning when email_verified is missing', async () => {
+			// No existing identity and no existing user → JIT path.
+			await expect(
+				service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx(true)),
+			).rejects.toMatchObject({ reason: TokenExchangeFailureReason.EmailNotVerified });
+		});
+
+		it('links an existing user when email_verified is true', async () => {
+			const member = makeUser('global:member');
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(member);
+
+			await expect(
+				service.resolve(makeClaims({ email_verified: true }), ['global:member'], ctx(true)),
+			).resolves.toBe(member);
+		});
+
+		it('links without an email_verified claim when the key does not require it', async () => {
+			const member = makeUser('global:member');
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(member);
+
+			await expect(service.resolve(makeClaims(), ['global:member'], ctx(false))).resolves.toBe(
+				member,
+			);
+		});
+	});
 });

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/services/__tests__/token-exchange.service.test.ts

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ const resolvedKey: ResolvedTrustedKey = {
 	key: 'test-public-key',
 	issuer: 'https://issuer.example.com',
 	allowedRoles: ['global:member', 'global:admin'],
+	requireVerifiedEmail: false,
 };
 
 const mockUser = mock<User>({
@@ -94,7 +95,11 @@ describe('TokenExchangeService', () => {
 			expect(identityResolutionService.resolve).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
 				validClaims,
 				resolvedKey.allowedRoles,
-				{ kid: resolvedKey.kid, issuer: resolvedKey.issuer },
+				{
+					kid: resolvedKey.kid,
+					issuer: resolvedKey.issuer,
+					requireVerifiedEmail: resolvedKey.requireVerifiedEmail,
+				},
 			);
 		});
 

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/services/identity-resolution.service.ts

@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ import {
 	type User,
 } from '@n8n/db';
 import { Service } from '@n8n/di';
-import { isBuiltInRole } from '@n8n/permissions';
+import { GLOBAL_OWNER_ROLE_SLUG, isBuiltInRole } from '@n8n/permissions';
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 
 import { EventService } from '@/events/event.service';
 import { RoleService } from '@/services/role.service';
 import { UserService } from '@/services/user.service';
 
+import { TokenExchangeConfig } from '../token-exchange.config';
 import { TokenExchangeAuthError } from '../token-exchange.errors';
 import type { ExternalTokenClaims } from '../token-exchange.schemas';
 import { TokenExchangeFailureReason } from '../token-exchange.types';
@@ -49,10 +50,38 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 		private readonly userService: UserService,
 		private readonly trustedKeyService: TrustedKeyService,
 		private readonly roleService: RoleService,
+		private readonly config: TokenExchangeConfig,
 	) {
 		this.logger = logger.scoped('token-exchange');
 	}
 
+	private assertKeyMayActAsUser(user: User, allowedRoles?: string[]) {
+		if (this.config.excludeOwner && user.role?.slug === GLOBAL_OWNER_ROLE_SLUG) {
+			throw new TokenExchangeAuthError(
+				TokenExchangeFailureReason.RoleNotAllowed,
+				'User role is not allowed for this key',
+			);
+		}
+		if (allowedRoles?.length && !allowedRoles.includes(user.role?.slug ?? '')) {
+			throw new TokenExchangeAuthError(
+				TokenExchangeFailureReason.RoleNotAllowed,
+				'User role is not allowed for this key',
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private assertEmailVerified(
+		claims: ExternalTokenClaims,
+		tokenContext: { requireVerifiedEmail: boolean },
+	) {
+		if (tokenContext?.requireVerifiedEmail && !claims.email_verified) {
+			throw new TokenExchangeAuthError(
+				TokenExchangeFailureReason.EmailNotVerified,
+				'Email is not verified',
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Map external identity claims to a local n8n user, creating one if necessary.
 	 *
@@ -67,8 +96,8 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 	 */
 	async resolve(
 		claims: ExternalTokenClaims,
-		allowedRoles?: string[],
+		allowedRoles: string[] | undefined,
-		tokenContext?: { kid: string; issuer: string },
+		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string; requireVerifiedEmail: boolean },
 	): Promise<User> {
 		const email = claims.email?.toLowerCase();
 
@@ -97,8 +126,8 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 			this.eventService.emit('token-exchange-identity-rebound', {
 				userId: identity.user.id,
 				sub: claims.sub,
-				kid: tokenContext?.kid ?? '',
+				kid: tokenContext.kid,
-				issuer: tokenContext?.issuer ?? claims.iss,
+				issuer: tokenContext.issuer,
 			});
 			return await this.resolveByIdentity(claims, identity, allowedRoles, tokenContext);
 		}
@@ -131,8 +160,10 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 		claims: ExternalTokenClaims,
 		identity: AuthIdentity,
 		allowedRoles: string[] | undefined,
-		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string } | undefined,
+		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string; requireVerifiedEmail: boolean } | undefined,
 	): Promise<User> {
+		this.assertKeyMayActAsUser(identity.user, allowedRoles);
+
 		this.logger.debug('Resolved user by auth identity', { sub: claims.sub });
 		const resolvedRole = await this.resolveRoleForExistingUser(
 			claims.role,
@@ -148,12 +179,14 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 		email: string,
 		existingUser: User,
 		allowedRoles: string[] | undefined,
-		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string } | undefined,
+		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string; requireVerifiedEmail: boolean },
 	): Promise<User> {
 		this.logger.debug('Linking external identity to existing user by email', {
 			sub: claims.sub,
 			email,
 		});
+		this.assertKeyMayActAsUser(existingUser, allowedRoles);
+		this.assertEmailVerified(claims, tokenContext);
 		const resolvedRole = await this.resolveRoleForExistingUser(
 			claims.role,
 			allowedRoles,
@@ -178,8 +211,9 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 		claims: ExternalTokenClaims,
 		email: string,
 		allowedRoles: string[] | undefined,
-		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string } | undefined,
+		tokenContext: { kid: string; issuer: string; requireVerifiedEmail: boolean },
 	): Promise<User> {
+		this.assertEmailVerified(claims, tokenContext);
 		this.logger.debug('JIT provisioning new user', { sub: claims.sub, email });
 
 		const jitRole = await this.resolveRoleForNewUser(claims.role, allowedRoles);
@@ -334,7 +368,7 @@ export class IdentityResolutionService {
 		user: User,
 		claims: ExternalTokenClaims,
 		resolvedRole?: string,
-		tokenContext?: { kid: string; issuer: string },
+		tokenContext?: { kid: string; issuer: string; requireVerifiedEmail: boolean },
 	): Promise<User> {
 		let needsReload = false;
 

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/services/token-exchange.service.ts

@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ export class TokenExchangeService {
 		const user = await this.identityResolutionService.resolve(claims, resolvedKey.allowedRoles, {
 			kid: resolvedKey.kid,
 			issuer: resolvedKey.issuer,
+			requireVerifiedEmail: resolvedKey.requireVerifiedEmail,
 		});
 		return { user, subject: claims.sub, issuer: resolvedKey.issuer, kid: resolvedKey.kid };
 	}

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/services/trusted-key.service.ts

@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ export class TrustedKeyService {
 				issuer: data.issuer,
 				expectedAudience: data.expectedAudience,
 				allowedRoles: data.allowedRoles,
+				requireVerifiedEmail: data.requireVerifiedEmail ?? true,
 			};
 		}
 
@@ -512,6 +513,7 @@ export class TrustedKeyService {
 					issuer: key.issuer,
 					expectedAudience: key.expectedAudience,
 					allowedRoles: key.allowedRoles,
+					requireVerifiedEmail: jwksConfig.requireVerifiedEmail ?? true,
 					expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + result.ttlSeconds * 1000).toISOString(),
 				},
 			})),
@@ -550,7 +552,15 @@ export class TrustedKeyService {
 		const seenKids = new Set<string>();
 
 		for (const config of configs) {
-			const { kid, algorithms, key: pemString, issuer, expectedAudience, allowedRoles } = config;
+			const {
+				kid,
+				algorithms,
+				key: pemString,
+				issuer,
+				expectedAudience,
+				allowedRoles,
+				requireVerifiedEmail,
+			} = config;
 
 			if (seenKids.has(kid)) {
 				throw new UnexpectedError(`Trusted key "${kid}": duplicate kid`);
@@ -567,6 +577,7 @@ export class TrustedKeyService {
 					issuer,
 					expectedAudience,
 					allowedRoles,
+					requireVerifiedEmail,
 				},
 			});
 		}

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/token-exchange.config.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ export class TokenExchangeConfig {
 	@Env('N8N_TOKEN_EXCHANGE_MAX_TOKEN_TTL')
 	maxTokenTtl: number = 900;
 
+	@Env('N8N_TOKEN_EXCHANGE_EXCLUDE_OWNER')
+	excludeOwner: boolean = true;
+
 	/**
 	 * JSON array of trusted key sources for JWT verification.
 	 * Each entry is validated against `TrustedKeySourceSchema`.

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/token-exchange.schemas.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ export const ExternalTokenClaimsSchema = z.object({
 	given_name: z.string().optional(),
 	family_name: z.string().optional(),
 	role: z.string().optional(),
+	email_verified: z
+		.union([z.boolean(), z.enum(['true', 'false'])])
+		.transform((v) => v === true || v === 'true')
+		.optional(),
 });
 
 export type ExternalTokenClaims = z.infer<typeof ExternalTokenClaimsSchema>;
@@ -55,6 +59,7 @@ export const TrustedKeySourceSchema = z.discriminatedUnion('type', [
 		algorithms: z.array(JwtAlgorithmSchema).min(1),
 		key: z.string().min(1),
 		issuer: z.string().min(1),
+		requireVerifiedEmail: z.boolean().optional(),
 		expectedAudience: z.string().optional(),
 		allowedRoles: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
 	}),
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ export const TrustedKeySourceSchema = z.discriminatedUnion('type', [
 		type: z.literal('jwks'),
 		url: z.string().url(),
 		issuer: z.string().min(1),
+		requireVerifiedEmail: z.boolean().optional(),
 		expectedAudience: z.string().optional(),
 		allowedRoles: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
 		cacheTtlSeconds: z.number().int().positive().optional(),
@@ -88,6 +94,7 @@ export const TrustedKeyDataSchema = z.object({
 	expectedAudience: z.string().optional(),
 	allowedRoles: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
 	expiresAt: z.string().optional(),
+	requireVerifiedEmail: z.boolean().optional(),
 });
 
 export type TrustedKeyData = z.infer<typeof TrustedKeyDataSchema>;
@@ -116,6 +123,9 @@ export interface ResolvedTrustedKey {
 
 	/** Roles allowed for tokens signed with this key, if restricted. */
 	allowedRoles?: string[];
+
+	/** Flag indicating that the token's `email_verified` claim must be true, for email linking. */
+	requireVerifiedEmail: boolean;
 }
 
 /**

packages/cli/src/modules/token-exchange/token-exchange.types.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export const TokenExchangeFailureReason = {
 	InvalidClaims: 'invalid_claims',
 	InternalError: 'internal_error',
 	RoleNotAllowed: 'role_not_allowed',
+	EmailNotVerified: 'email_not_verified',
 	Other: 'other',
 } as const;
 

packages/cli/src/workflow-execute-additional-data.ts

@@ -335,12 +335,18 @@ export async function executeWorkflow(
 		source: 'integrated',
 	});
 
+	// A sub-workflow loaded from inline JSON / file / URL (source other than a
+	// stored database workflow) carries no project of its own. Its credentials
+	// must be evaluated against the triggering user, not the parent's project.
+	const isInlineSubworkflow = workflowInfo.code !== undefined && workflowInfo.id === undefined;
+
 	const executionPromise = startExecution(
 		additionalData,
 		options,
 		executionId,
 		runData,
 		workflowData,
+		isInlineSubworkflow,
 	);
 
 	if (options.doNotWaitToFinish) {
@@ -493,6 +499,7 @@ async function startExecution(
 	executionId: string,
 	runData: IWorkflowExecutionDataProcess,
 	workflowData: IWorkflowBase,
+	isInlineSubworkflow = false,
 ): Promise<ExecuteWorkflowData> {
 	const nodeTypes = Container.get(NodeTypes);
 	const activeExecutions = Container.get(ActiveExecutions);
@@ -521,7 +528,17 @@ async function startExecution(
 
 	let data;
 	try {
-		await Container.get(CredentialsPermissionChecker).check(workflowData.id, workflowData.nodes);
+		if (isInlineSubworkflow && additionalData.userId) {
+			// Inline sub-workflow triggered by a specific user: its credentials were
+			// never vetted against that user (they live only in the parameter JSON),
+			// so validate them against the user rather than the parent's project.
+			await Container.get(CredentialsPermissionChecker).checkForUser(
+				additionalData.userId,
+				workflowData.nodes,
+			);
+		} else {
+			await Container.get(CredentialsPermissionChecker).check(workflowData.id, workflowData.nodes);
+		}
 		await Container.get(SubworkflowPolicyChecker).check(
 			workflow,
 			options.parentWorkflowId,
@@ -533,6 +550,11 @@ async function startExecution(
 		// different webhooks
 		const workflowSettings = workflowData.settings;
 		const additionalDataIntegrated = await getBase({
+			// Inline sub-workflows carry no project, so the triggering user must be
+			// preserved for nested inline calls to be validated against that user too.
+			// Stored sub-workflows run under their own project scope, so their userId
+			// stays unset (their credentials are validated against the project instead).
+			userId: isInlineSubworkflow ? additionalData.userId : undefined,
 			workflowId: workflowData.id,
 			workflowSettings,
 		});

packages/cli/src/workflows/workflow.service.ee.ts

@@ -22,8 +22,15 @@ import { hasGlobalScope } from '@n8n/permissions';
 // eslint-disable-next-line n8n-local-rules/misplaced-n8n-typeorm-import
 import { In, type EntityManager } from '@n8n/typeorm';
 import omit from 'lodash/omit';
-import type { IWorkflowBase, WorkflowId } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import type { INode, IWorkflowBase, WorkflowId } from 'n8n-workflow';
-import { NodeOperationError, PROJECT_ROOT, UserError, WorkflowActivationError } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import {
+	EXECUTE_WORKFLOW_NODE_TYPE,
+	jsonParse,
+	NodeOperationError,
+	PROJECT_ROOT,
+	UserError,
+	WorkflowActivationError,
+} from 'n8n-workflow';
 
 import { ActiveWorkflowManager } from '@/active-workflow-manager';
 import { CredentialsFinderService } from '@/credentials/credentials-finder.service';
@@ -263,17 +270,62 @@ export class EnterpriseWorkflowService {
 			return [];
 		}
 		return workflow.nodes.filter((node) => {
-			if (!node.credentials) return false;
+			const usedCredentialIds = this.getCredentialIdsUsedByNode(node);
-
+			return usedCredentialIds.some((credId) => !userCredIds.includes(credId));
-			const allUsedCredentials = Object.values(node.credentials);
-
-			const allUsedCredentialIds = allUsedCredentials.map((nodeCred) => nodeCred.id?.toString());
-			return allUsedCredentialIds.some(
-				(nodeCredId) => nodeCredId && !userCredIds.includes(nodeCredId),
-			);
 		});
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Collect every credential id a node references. Besides the node's own
+	 * `credentials`, an Execute Sub-workflow node with an inline source embeds a
+	 * whole workflow — including its nodes' credentials — inside a single string
+	 * parameter, so those references are parsed out and returned as well.
+	 */
+	private getCredentialIdsUsedByNode(node: INode): string[] {
+		const credentialIds: string[] = [];
+
+		if (node.credentials) {
+			for (const nodeCred of Object.values(node.credentials)) {
+				const id = nodeCred.id?.toString();
+				if (id) credentialIds.push(id);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (node.type === EXECUTE_WORKFLOW_NODE_TYPE) {
+			credentialIds.push(...this.getCredentialIdsFromInlineWorkflow(node.parameters?.workflowJson));
+		}
+
+		return credentialIds;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Extract the credential ids referenced by the nodes of an inline sub-workflow
+	 * passed as the `workflowJson` parameter of an Execute Sub-workflow node.
+	 * Non-string or unparseable values reference no resolvable credentials and are
+	 * ignored (the node would fail at run time).
+	 */
+	private getCredentialIdsFromInlineWorkflow(workflowJson: unknown): string[] {
+		if (typeof workflowJson !== 'string') return [];
+
+		let parsed: Partial<IWorkflowBase>;
+		try {
+			parsed = jsonParse<Partial<IWorkflowBase>>(workflowJson);
+		} catch {
+			return [];
+		}
+		if (!parsed || !Array.isArray(parsed.nodes)) return [];
+
+		const credentialIds: string[] = [];
+		for (const subNode of parsed.nodes) {
+			if (!subNode?.credentials) continue;
+			for (const nodeCred of Object.values(subNode.credentials)) {
+				const id = nodeCred?.id?.toString();
+				if (id) credentialIds.push(id);
+			}
+		}
+		return credentialIds;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Get workflow IDs that use at least one resolvable credential.
 	 * Used to populate `hasResolvableCredentials` in workflow list responses.

packages/cli/test/integration/execution-redaction.test.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ import {
 } from '@n8n/backend-test-utils';
 import type { User } from '@n8n/db';
 import { stringify } from 'flatted';
-import type { INode, IRunExecutionData, IWorkflowBase, WorkflowExecuteMode } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import type {
+	IBinaryKeyData,
+	IDataObject,
+	INode,
+	IRunExecutionData,
+	IWorkflowBase,
+	WorkflowExecuteMode,
+} from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { createRunExecutionData, NodeApiError, NodeOperationError } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
 import { ConcurrencyControlService } from '@/concurrency/concurrency-control.service';
@@ -60,10 +67,25 @@ const BINARY_DATA = {
 	fileName: 'secret.txt',
 };
 
+const STACK_NODE: INode = {
+	id: 'node-1',
+	name: 'Test Node',
+	type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+	typeVersion: 1,
+	position: [0, 0],
+	parameters: {},
+};
+
+type SensitiveItem = { json: IDataObject; binary?: IBinaryKeyData };
+
 function buildRunExecutionData(opts: {
 	policy?: 'none' | 'non-manual' | 'all';
 	channels?: { production: boolean; manual: boolean };
 	mode?: WorkflowExecuteMode;
+	/** Item to plant in runData (and, with `withStack`, the executionData subtrees). */
+	item?: SensitiveItem;
+	/** Also plant the item in executionData.nodeExecutionStack and waitingExecution. */
+	withStack?: boolean;
 }): IRunExecutionData {
 	const redaction = opts.channels
 		? {
@@ -75,6 +97,27 @@ function buildRunExecutionData(opts: {
 			? { version: 1 as const, policy: opts.policy }
 			: undefined;
 
+	const item: SensitiveItem = opts.item ?? {
+		json: { ...SENSITIVE_JSON },
+		binary: { file: { ...BINARY_DATA } },
+	};
+
+	const runtimeData = redaction
+		? {
+				version: 1 as const,
+				establishedAt: Date.now(),
+				source: opts.mode ?? 'trigger',
+				redaction,
+			}
+		: undefined;
+
+	const stackSubtrees = opts.withStack
+		? {
+				nodeExecutionStack: [{ node: STACK_NODE, source: null, data: { main: [[{ ...item }]] } }],
+				waitingExecution: { 'Test Node': { 0: { main: [[{ ...item }]] } } },
+			}
+		: undefined;
+
 	return createRunExecutionData({
 		resultData: {
 			runData: {
@@ -85,30 +128,15 @@ function buildRunExecutionData(opts: {
 						executionTime: 0,
 						executionStatus: 'success',
 						source: [],
-						data: {
+						data: { main: [[{ ...item }]] },
-							main: [
-								[
-									{
-										json: { ...SENSITIVE_JSON },
-										binary: { file: { ...BINARY_DATA } },
-									},
-								],
-							],
-						},
 					},
 				],
 			},
 		},
-		executionData: redaction
+		executionData:
-			? {
+			runtimeData || stackSubtrees
-					runtimeData: {
+				? { ...(runtimeData && { runtimeData }), ...stackSubtrees }
-						version: 1 as const,
+				: undefined,
-						establishedAt: Date.now(),
-						source: opts.mode ?? 'trigger',
-						redaction,
-					},
-				}
-			: undefined,
 	});
 }
 
@@ -117,11 +145,15 @@ async function createExecutionWithRedaction(opts: {
 	mode?: WorkflowExecuteMode;
 	policy?: 'none' | 'non-manual' | 'all';
 	channels?: { production: boolean; manual: boolean };
+	item?: SensitiveItem;
+	withStack?: boolean;
 }) {
 	const runData = buildRunExecutionData({
 		policy: opts.policy,
 		channels: opts.channels,
 		mode: opts.mode,
+		item: opts.item,
+		withStack: opts.withStack,
 	});
 	return await createExecution(
 		{ data: stringify(runData), mode: opts.mode ?? 'trigger' },
@@ -163,6 +195,21 @@ function assertNotRedacted(data: IRunExecutionData) {
 	expect(data.redactionInfo).toBeUndefined();
 }
 
+// Asserts the executionData subtrees (nodeExecutionStack, waitingExecution) had
+// their item data cleared. Requires the execution to have been built with
+// `withStack: true`.
+function assertStackRedacted(data: IRunExecutionData) {
+	const stackItem = data.executionData!.nodeExecutionStack[0].data.main[0]![0];
+	expect(stackItem.json).toEqual({});
+	expect(stackItem.binary).toBeUndefined();
+	expect(stackItem.redaction).toMatchObject({ redacted: true });
+
+	const waitItem = data.executionData!.waitingExecution['Test Node'][0].main[0]![0];
+	expect(waitItem.json).toEqual({});
+	expect(waitItem.binary).toBeUndefined();
+	expect(waitItem.redaction).toMatchObject({ redacted: true });
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Tests
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1017,3 +1064,163 @@ describe('GET /api/v1/executions — Execution Redaction', () => {
 		});
 	});
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// executionData subtrees (nodeExecutionStack / waitingExecution) redaction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('executionData subtrees — redaction through DB round-trip', () => {
+	test('REST GET /executions/:id — stack and waiting items are redacted', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, owner);
+		const execution = await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.authAgentFor(owner)
+			.get(`/executions/${execution.id}`)
+			.expect(200);
+
+		const data = parseResponseData(response.body);
+		assertRedacted(data);
+		assertStackRedacted(data);
+	});
+
+	test('Public API GET /api/v1/executions/:id — stack and waiting items are redacted', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, publicApiMember);
+		const execution = await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.publicApiAgentFor(publicApiMember)
+			.get(`/executions/${execution.id}?includeData=true`)
+			.expect(200);
+
+		const data = response.body.data as IRunExecutionData;
+		assertRedacted(data, 'workflow_redaction_policy', true);
+		assertStackRedacted(data);
+	});
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Canary: a sensitive item value planted in every item-bearing subtree must
+// not appear anywhere in a redacted response, on any surface that serves data.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('sensitive item values are not exposed across surfaces', () => {
+	const SENTINEL_JSON = 'IAM950-SENTINEL-JSON-8f3a2b';
+	const SENTINEL_BINARY = 'IAM950-SENTINEL-BINARY-8f3a2b';
+
+	const item: SensitiveItem = {
+		json: { deep: SENTINEL_JSON },
+		binary: { file: { mimeType: 'text/plain', fileName: 'x.txt', data: SENTINEL_BINARY } },
+	};
+
+	// Search the whole serialized response — surface-agnostic, so it catches the
+	// value regardless of which subtree (runData, stack, waiting) or encoding
+	// (flatted string vs. nested object) it hides in.
+	const exposesSentinel = (body: unknown): boolean => {
+		const serialized = JSON.stringify(body);
+		return serialized.includes(SENTINEL_JSON) || serialized.includes(SENTINEL_BINARY);
+	};
+
+	test('REST GET /executions/:id', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, owner);
+		const execution = await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			item,
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.authAgentFor(owner)
+			.get(`/executions/${execution.id}`)
+			.expect(200);
+
+		expect(exposesSentinel(response.body)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	test('REST GET /workflows/:workflowId/executions/last-successful', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, owner);
+		await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			item,
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.authAgentFor(owner)
+			.get(`/workflows/${workflow.id}/executions/last-successful`)
+			.expect(200);
+
+		expect(exposesSentinel(response.body)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	test('Public API GET /api/v1/executions/:id', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, publicApiOwner);
+		const execution = await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			item,
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.publicApiAgentFor(publicApiOwner)
+			.get(`/executions/${execution.id}?includeData=true`)
+			.expect(200);
+
+		expect(exposesSentinel(response.body)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	test('Public API GET /api/v1/executions', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, publicApiOwner);
+		await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			item,
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.publicApiAgentFor(publicApiOwner)
+			.get('/executions?includeData=true')
+			.expect(200);
+
+		expect(exposesSentinel(response.body)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	// Guards against a vacuously-green canary: on the reveal path the value must
+	// still be observable, proving the search would catch a real exposure.
+	test('control: revealed (unredacted) response does expose the sentinel', async () => {
+		const workflow = await createWorkflow({}, owner);
+		const execution = await createExecutionWithRedaction({
+			workflow,
+			mode: 'trigger',
+			policy: 'all',
+			item,
+			withStack: true,
+		});
+
+		const response = await testServer
+			.authAgentFor(owner)
+			.get(`/executions/${execution.id}`)
+			.query({ redactExecutionData: 'false' })
+			.expect(200);
+
+		expect(exposesSentinel(response.body)).toBe(true);
+	});
+});

packages/cli/test/integration/shared/workflow.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { WorkflowEntity, WorkflowHistory } from '@n8n/db';
-import type { INode } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import { EXECUTE_WORKFLOW_NODE_TYPE, type INode } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
 export const FIRST_CREDENTIAL_ID = '1';
 export const SECOND_CREDENTIAL_ID = '2';
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ export const THIRD_CREDENTIAL_ID = '3';
 const NODE_WITH_NO_CRED = '0133467b-df4a-473d-9295-fdd9d01fa45a';
 const NODE_WITH_ONE_CRED = '4673f869-f2dc-4a33-b053-ca3193bc5226';
 const NODE_WITH_TWO_CRED = '9b4208bd-8f10-4a6a-ad3b-da47a326f7da';
+const NODE_WITH_INLINE_SUBWORKFLOW_CRED = 'a1f8c2e0-1b2c-4d3e-9f0a-1234567890ab';
 
 const nodeWithNoCredentials: INode = {
 	id: NODE_WITH_NO_CRED,
@@ -53,10 +54,39 @@ const nodeWithTwoCredentials: INode = {
 	parameters: {},
 };
 
+// Execute Sub-workflow node whose inline `workflowJson` embeds a sub-workflow
+// referencing a credential (FIRST_CREDENTIAL_ID) that is not exposed via the
+// node's own top-level `credentials`.
+const nodeWithInlineSubworkflowCredential: INode = {
+	id: NODE_WITH_INLINE_SUBWORKFLOW_CRED,
+	name: 'Execute Sub-workflow',
+	typeVersion: 1.2,
+	type: EXECUTE_WORKFLOW_NODE_TYPE,
+	position: [0, 0],
+	parameters: {
+		source: 'parameter',
+		workflowJson: JSON.stringify({
+			nodes: [
+				{
+					name: 'Steal',
+					type: 'n8n-nodes-base.httpRequest',
+					typeVersion: 4.2,
+					parameters: {},
+					credentials: {
+						httpHeaderAuth: { id: FIRST_CREDENTIAL_ID, name: 'First fake credential' },
+					},
+				},
+			],
+			connections: {},
+		}),
+	},
+};
+
 export function getWorkflow(options?: {
 	addNodeWithoutCreds?: boolean;
 	addNodeWithOneCred?: boolean;
 	addNodeWithTwoCreds?: boolean;
+	addNodeWithInlineSubworkflowCred?: boolean;
 }) {
 	const workflow = new WorkflowEntity();
 
@@ -74,6 +104,10 @@ export function getWorkflow(options?: {
 		workflow.nodes.push(nodeWithTwoCredentials);
 	}
 
+	if (options?.addNodeWithInlineSubworkflowCred) {
+		workflow.nodes.push(nodeWithInlineSubworkflowCredential);
+	}
+
 	return workflow;
 }
 

packages/cli/test/integration/token-exchange/embed-auth.api.test.ts

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ function signEmbedToken(overrides: Record<string, unknown> = {}): string {
 		exp: now + 30,
 		jti: randomUUID(),
 		email: `embed-${randomUUID()}@test.example.com`,
+		email_verified: true,
 		given_name: 'Test',
 		family_name: 'User',
 		...overrides,

packages/cli/test/integration/token-exchange/identity-resolution.service.test.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 	qualifiedProviderId,
 } from '@/modules/token-exchange/services/identity-resolution.service';
 import { TrustedKeyService } from '@/modules/token-exchange/services/trusted-key.service';
+import { TokenExchangeConfig } from '@/modules/token-exchange/token-exchange.config';
 import type { ExternalTokenClaims } from '@/modules/token-exchange/token-exchange.schemas';
 
 import { createOwner, createUser } from '../shared/db/users';
@@ -63,6 +64,11 @@ const baseClaims: ExternalTokenClaims = {
 /** The issuer-scoped provider id a token-exchange identity is stored under. */
 const providerIdFor = (sub: string, iss: string = baseClaims.iss) => qualifiedProviderId(iss, sub);
 
+/** Key context passed to resolve(); requireVerifiedEmail defaults off for these tests. */
+function ctx(requireVerifiedEmail = false) {
+	return { kid: 'kid-1', issuer: baseClaims.iss, requireVerifiedEmail };
+}
+
 describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 	describe('Path 1 — known sub', () => {
 		it('should resolve user by auth identity and return role with scopes', async () => {
@@ -71,11 +77,15 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				AuthIdentity.create(user, providerIdFor('ext-known'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			const result = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: 'ext-known',
+					...baseClaims,
-				email: 'known@example.com',
+					sub: 'ext-known',
-			});
+					email: 'known@example.com',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 			expect(result.email).toBe('known@example.com');
@@ -94,13 +104,17 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				AuthIdentity.create(user, providerIdFor('ext-unchanged'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			const result = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: 'ext-unchanged',
+					...baseClaims,
-				email: 'unchanged@example.com',
+					sub: 'ext-unchanged',
-				given_name: 'Same',
+					email: 'unchanged@example.com',
-				family_name: 'Name',
+					given_name: 'Same',
-			});
+					family_name: 'Name',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 
@@ -120,12 +134,12 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 			};
 
 			// First call: email fallback creates the identity link
-			const result = await service.resolve(claims);
+			const result = await service.resolve(claims, undefined, ctx());
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 
 			// Second call: should now resolve via Path 1 (known sub),
 			// proving the identity was correctly linked to the user
-			const secondResult = await service.resolve(claims);
+			const secondResult = await service.resolve(claims, undefined, ctx());
 			expect(secondResult.id).toBe(user.id);
 			expect(secondResult.role).toBeDefined();
 			expect(secondResult.role.slug).toBe('global:member');
@@ -141,7 +155,8 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 					email: 'fallback-role@example.com',
 					role: 'global:admin',
 				},
-				['global:admin'],
+				['global:member', 'global:admin'],
+				ctx(),
 			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
@@ -157,11 +172,15 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 		it('should match existing user when email claim has different casing', async () => {
 			const user = await createUser({ email: 'casetest@example.com' });
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			const result = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: 'ext-case',
+					...baseClaims,
-				email: 'CaseTest@Example.COM',
+					sub: 'ext-case',
-			});
+					email: 'CaseTest@Example.COM',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 
@@ -183,7 +202,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				family_name: 'Tee',
 			};
 
-			const result = await service.resolve(claims);
+			const result = await service.resolve(claims, undefined, ctx());
 
 			expect(result.email).toBe('jit@example.com');
 			expect(result.firstName).toBe('Jay');
@@ -225,6 +244,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				service.resolve(
 					{ ...baseClaims, sub: 'ext-rejected', email: 'rejected@example.com', role },
 					allowedRoles,
+					ctx(),
 				),
 			).rejects.toThrow(errorMsg);
 		});
@@ -232,19 +252,23 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 		it('should throw when email is missing and no identity match exists', async () => {
 			const claimsWithoutEmail = { ...baseClaims, sub: 'ext-no-email', email: undefined };
 
-			await expect(service.resolve(claimsWithoutEmail)).rejects.toThrow(
+			await expect(service.resolve(claimsWithoutEmail, undefined, ctx())).rejects.toThrow(
 				'Email claim is required for user provisioning',
 			);
 		});
 
 		it('should throw on unknown role claim for new user', async () => {
 			await expect(
-				service.resolve({
+				service.resolve(
-					...baseClaims,
+					{
-					sub: 'ext-jit-unknown-role',
+						...baseClaims,
-					email: 'jit-unknown-role@example.com',
+						sub: 'ext-jit-unknown-role',
-					role: 'global:nonsense',
+						email: 'jit-unknown-role@example.com',
-				}),
+						role: 'global:nonsense',
+					},
+					undefined,
+					ctx(),
+				),
 			).rejects.toThrow("Unrecognized role 'global:nonsense' cannot be assigned to new user");
 		});
 
@@ -257,6 +281,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 					role: 'global:admin',
 				},
 				['global:admin', 'global:member'],
+				ctx(),
 			);
 
 			expect(result.role.slug).toBe('global:admin');
@@ -270,33 +295,31 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 	});
 
 	describe('profile and role sync', () => {
-		it('should allow global:owner user to log in without changing their role', async () => {
+		it('rejects a global:owner user by default (excludeOwner)', async () => {
+			Container.get(TokenExchangeConfig).excludeOwner = true;
 			const owner = await createOwner();
 			await authIdentityRepository.save(
 				AuthIdentity.create(owner, providerIdFor('ext-owner'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			await expect(
-				...baseClaims,
+				service.resolve(
-				sub: 'ext-owner',
+					{
-				email: owner.email,
+						...baseClaims,
-				role: 'global:owner',
+						sub: 'ext-owner',
-			});
+						email: owner.email,
-
+						role: 'global:owner',
-			expect(result.id).toBe(owner.id);
+					},
-			expect(result.role.slug).toBe('global:owner');
+					undefined,
-
+					ctx(),
-			const dbUser = await userRepository.findOne({
+				),
-				where: { id: owner.id },
+			).rejects.toThrow('User role is not allowed for this key');
-				relations: ['role'],
-			});
-			expect(dbUser!.role.slug).toBe('global:owner');
 		});
 
 		it('should throw when claimed role is not in allowedRoles for known identity', async () => {
-			const admin = await createUser({ email: 'admin-keep@example.com', role: GLOBAL_ADMIN_ROLE });
+			const user = await createUser({ email: 'admin-keep@example.com' });
 			await authIdentityRepository.save(
-				AuthIdentity.create(admin, providerIdFor('ext-admin-keep'), 'token-exchange'),
+				AuthIdentity.create(user, providerIdFor('ext-admin-keep'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
 			await expect(
@@ -308,12 +331,13 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 						role: 'global:admin',
 					},
 					['global:member'],
+					ctx(),
 				),
 			).rejects.toThrow("Role 'global:admin' is not allowed for this token exchange key");
 		});
 
 		it('should throw when claimed role is not in allowedRoles for email fallback', async () => {
-			await createUser({ email: 'admin-email@example.com', role: GLOBAL_ADMIN_ROLE });
+			await createUser({ email: 'admin-email@example.com' });
 
 			await expect(
 				service.resolve(
@@ -324,6 +348,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 						role: 'global:admin',
 					},
 					['global:member'],
+					ctx(),
 				),
 			).rejects.toThrow("Role 'global:admin' is not allowed for this token exchange key");
 
@@ -340,12 +365,16 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				AuthIdentity.create(user, providerIdFor('ext-unknown-role'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			const result = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: 'ext-unknown-role',
+					...baseClaims,
-				email: 'unknown-role@example.com',
+					sub: 'ext-unknown-role',
-				role: 'global:nonsense',
+					email: 'unknown-role@example.com',
-			});
+					role: 'global:nonsense',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 			expect(result.role.slug).toBe('global:member');
@@ -357,12 +386,16 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 				AuthIdentity.create(user, providerIdFor('ext-escalation'), 'token-exchange'),
 			);
 
-			const result = await service.resolve({
+			const result = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: 'ext-escalation',
+					...baseClaims,
-				email: 'escalation@example.com',
+					sub: 'ext-escalation',
-				role: 'global:owner',
+					email: 'escalation@example.com',
-			});
+					role: 'global:owner',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 			expect(result.role.slug).toBe('global:member');
@@ -385,6 +418,7 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 					role: 'global:member',
 				},
 				['global:admin', 'global:member'],
+				ctx(),
 			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(admin.id);
@@ -416,7 +450,8 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 					family_name: 'Last',
 					role: 'global:admin',
 				},
-				['global:admin'],
+				['global:member', 'global:admin'],
+				ctx(),
 			);
 
 			expect(result.firstName).toBe('New');
@@ -440,18 +475,26 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 			const issuerA = 'https://issuer-a.example.com';
 			const issuerB = 'https://issuer-b.example.com';
 
-			const userA = await service.resolve({
+			const userA = await service.resolve(
-				...baseClaims,
+				{
-				sub: sharedSub,
+					...baseClaims,
-				iss: issuerA,
+					sub: sharedSub,
-				email: 'a@example.com',
+					iss: issuerA,
-			});
+					email: 'a@example.com',
-			const userB = await service.resolve({
+				},
-				...baseClaims,
+				undefined,
-				sub: sharedSub,
+				ctx(),
-				iss: issuerB,
+			);
-				email: 'b@example.com',
+			const userB = await service.resolve(
-			});
+				{
+					...baseClaims,
+					sub: sharedSub,
+					iss: issuerB,
+					email: 'b@example.com',
+				},
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(userB.id).not.toBe(userA.id);
 
@@ -470,7 +513,11 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 			const emitSpy = vi.spyOn(eventService, 'emit');
 
 			// No email claim — the rebind must work for email-less integrations.
-			const result = await service.resolve({ ...baseClaims, sub: 'legacy-sub', email: undefined });
+			const result = await service.resolve(
+				{ ...baseClaims, sub: 'legacy-sub', email: undefined },
+				undefined,
+				ctx(),
+			);
 
 			expect(result.id).toBe(user.id);
 
@@ -493,7 +540,11 @@ describe('IdentityResolutionService (integration)', () => {
 
 			// An email-less token sharing a subject cannot be safely attributed to one issuer.
 			await expect(
-				service.resolve({ ...baseClaims, sub: 'legacy-multi-sub', email: undefined }),
+				service.resolve(
+					{ ...baseClaims, sub: 'legacy-multi-sub', email: undefined },
+					undefined,
+					ctx(),
+				),
 			).rejects.toThrow('Email claim is required for user provisioning');
 
 			const identities = await authIdentityRepository.findBy({ providerType: 'token-exchange' });

packages/cli/test/integration/token-exchange/token-exchange.controller.test.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ function makeExternalJwt(
 		exp: number;
 		jti: string;
 		email: string;
+		email_verified: boolean;
 		given_name: string;
 		family_name: string;
 		role: string;
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ function makeExternalJwt(
 			iat: now,
 			exp: now + 300,
 			jti: randomUUID(),
+			email_verified: true,
 			...overrides,
 		},
 		privateKey,

packages/cli/test/integration/workflows/workflow.service.ee.test.ts

@@ -108,6 +108,14 @@ describe('EnterpriseWorkflowService', () => {
 				service.validateWorkflowCredentialUsage(newWorkflowVersion, previousWorkflowVersion, []);
 			}).toThrow();
 		});
+
+		it('Should throw error saving a workflow adding an Execute Sub-workflow node whose inline JSON uses an inaccessible credential', () => {
+			const newWorkflowVersion = getWorkflow({ addNodeWithInlineSubworkflowCred: true });
+			const previousWorkflowVersion = getWorkflow();
+			expect(() => {
+				service.validateWorkflowCredentialUsage(newWorkflowVersion, previousWorkflowVersion, []);
+			}).toThrow();
+		});
 	});
 
 	describe('getNodesWithInaccessibleCreds', () => {
@@ -188,5 +196,19 @@ describe('EnterpriseWorkflowService', () => {
 			const nodesWithInaccessibleCreds = service.getNodesWithInaccessibleCreds(workflow, []);
 			expect(nodesWithInaccessibleCreds).toHaveLength(2);
 		});
+
+		test('Should flag an Execute Sub-workflow node referencing an inaccessible credential inside its inline workflow JSON', () => {
+			const workflow = getWorkflow({ addNodeWithInlineSubworkflowCred: true });
+			const nodesWithInaccessibleCreds = service.getNodesWithInaccessibleCreds(workflow, []);
+			expect(nodesWithInaccessibleCreds).toHaveLength(1);
+		});
+
+		test('Should not flag an Execute Sub-workflow node when the inline credential is accessible', () => {
+			const workflow = getWorkflow({ addNodeWithInlineSubworkflowCred: true });
+			const nodesWithInaccessibleCreds = service.getNodesWithInaccessibleCreds(workflow, [
+				FIRST_CREDENTIAL_ID,
+			]);
+			expect(nodesWithInaccessibleCreds).toHaveLength(0);
+		});
 	});
 });

packages/core/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "n8n-core",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.1",
   "description": "Core functionality of n8n",
   "main": "dist/index",
   "types": "dist/index.d.ts",

packages/core/src/execution-engine/__tests__/routing-node.test.ts

@@ -779,6 +779,78 @@ describe('RoutingNode', () => {
 				expect(result).toEqual(testData.output);
 			});
 		}
+
+		describe('when a routed property name is an inherited object member', () => {
+			// Guard the shared prototype so a regression here cannot cascade to other tests.
+			const hadOwnCall = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(Object.prototype.toString, 'call');
+			afterEach(() => {
+				if (!hadOwnCall) {
+					delete (Object.prototype.toString as unknown as { call?: unknown }).call;
+				}
+			});
+
+			it('keeps built-in object prototypes intact', () => {
+				const nodeTypeProperties: INodeProperties = {
+					displayName: 'Value',
+					name: 'value',
+					type: 'string',
+					routing: {
+						send: {
+							property: 'toString.call',
+							type: 'body',
+							value: 'x',
+						},
+					},
+					default: '',
+				};
+				node.parameters = {};
+				nodeType.description.properties = [nodeTypeProperties];
+
+				const workflow = new Workflow({
+					nodes: workflowData.nodes,
+					connections: workflowData.connections,
+					active: false,
+					nodeTypes,
+				});
+
+				const executeFunctions = mock<executionContexts.ExecuteContext>();
+				Object.assign(executeFunctions, {
+					runIndex,
+					additionalData,
+					workflow,
+					node,
+					mode,
+					connectionInputData,
+					runExecutionData,
+					nodeType,
+				});
+				const routingNode = new RoutingNode(executeFunctions, nodeType);
+
+				const executeSingleFunctions = getExecuteSingleFunctions(
+					workflow,
+					runExecutionData,
+					runIndex,
+					node,
+					itemIndex,
+				);
+
+				const result = routingNode.getRequestOptionsFromParameters(
+					executeSingleFunctions,
+					nodeTypeProperties,
+					itemIndex,
+					runIndex,
+					path,
+					{},
+				);
+
+				// Prototype untouched; the value lands as an own property on the request body.
+				expect(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(Object.prototype.toString, 'call')).toBe(false);
+				expect(Object.prototype.toString.call([])).toBe('[object Array]');
+				expect((result?.options.body as { toString?: { call?: unknown } }).toString?.call).toBe(
+					'x',
+				);
+			});
+		});
 	});
 
 	describe('runNode', () => {

packages/frontend/@n8n/frontend-module-sdk/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "type": "module",
   "name": "@n8n/frontend-module-sdk",
-  "version": "0.2.0",
+  "version": "0.2.1",
   "main": "src/index.ts",
   "import": "src/index.ts",
   "exports": {

packages/frontend/@n8n/i18n/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/i18n",
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.2",
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],

packages/frontend/@n8n/i18n/src/locales/en.json

@@ -2166,7 +2166,6 @@
 	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.triggerIconTitle": "Trigger Node",
 	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.aiIconTitle": "LangChain AI Node",
 	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.deprecated": "Deprecated",
-	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.deprecatingSoon": "Deprecating soon",
 	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.earlyPreview": "Early preview",
 	"nodeCreator.nodeItem.beta": "Beta",
 	"nodeCredentials.createNew": "Create new credential",
@@ -7186,11 +7185,11 @@
 	"agents.builder.vectorStores.useWhen.label": "When should this agent search this store?",
 	"agents.builder.vectorStores.useWhen.hint": "Tell the agent when to search this vector store.",
 	"agents.builder.vectorStores.useWhen.placeholder": "Search for product documentation when the user asks about features, setup, or troubleshooting.",
-	"agents.builder.subAgents.title": "Agents",
+	"agents.builder.subAgents.title": "Sub-agents",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.description": "This agent can delegate focused subtasks. Add published agents from this project when you want reusable specialists.",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.settings.title": "Sub-agent settings",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.settings.description": "Configure delegation limits and inline sub-agent model choices.",
-	"agents.builder.subAgents.add": "Add agent",
+	"agents.builder.subAgents.add": "Add sub-agent",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.loadError": "Could not load project agents",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.remove": "Remove {name}",
 	"agents.builder.subAgents.useWhen.label": "When should this agent be used?",

packages/frontend/@n8n/rest-api-client/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/rest-api-client",
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.1",
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],

packages/frontend/@n8n/stores/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@n8n/stores",
   "type": "module",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.1",
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],

packages/frontend/editor-ui/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "n8n-editor-ui",
-  "version": "2.32.0",
+  "version": "2.32.3",
   "description": "Workflow Editor UI for n8n",
   "main": "index.js",
   "type": "module",