diff --git a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/__tests__/inbound.test.ts b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/__tests__/inbound.test.ts
index ef3ae052021..20e2e9d75c5 100644
--- a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/__tests__/inbound.test.ts
+++ b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/__tests__/inbound.test.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,22 @@ describe('inboundFrom', () => {
 		expect(inbound.surface).toBe('trigger');
 		expect(inbound.acceptedSourceIds).toEqual(['source-a']);
 	});
+
+	it('leaves grant unset when the resource issues no grant', () => {
+		expect(inboundFrom(resource, request)).not.toHaveProperty('grant');
+	});
+
+	it('takes grant from the resource when it issues one', () => {
+		const granting: ProtectedResource = {
+			...resource,
+			surface: 'trigger',
+			getGrant: () => ({ audiences: [resourceUrl], executeAccessWorkflowId: 'wf-1' }),
+		};
+
+		const inbound = inboundFrom(granting, request);
+
+		expect(inbound.grant).toEqual({ audiences: [resourceUrl], executeAccessWorkflowId: 'wf-1' });
+	});
 });
 
 describe('extractBearer', () => {
diff --git a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/inbound.ts b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/inbound.ts
index 196ef409b41..26622e61e3a 100644
--- a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/inbound.ts
+++ b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/inbound.ts
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ import type { Extracted, Inbound, Result } from './pipeline';
 /** Derives `Inbound` from the resource, so a surface integration cannot stamp it wrong. */
 export function inboundFrom(resource: ProtectedResource, request: Inbound['request']): Inbound {
 	const acceptedSourceIds = resource.getAcceptedSourceIds?.();
+	const grant = resource.getGrant?.();
 	return {
 		surface: resource.surface,
 		resource: { url: resource.getResourceUrl(), acceptedAudiences: resource.getAudiences() },
 		...(acceptedSourceIds !== undefined && { acceptedSourceIds }),
+		...(grant !== undefined && { grant }),
 		request,
 		receivedAt: new Date(),
 	};
diff --git a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/pipeline.ts b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/pipeline.ts
index 47770136365..ff3ba94b090 100644
--- a/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/pipeline.ts
+++ b/packages/@n8n/inbound-auth/src/pipeline.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { ProtectedResourceRef } from '@n8n/permissions';
+import type { ProtectedResourceRef, ResourceGrant } from '@n8n/permissions';
 
 import type { TrustedSource } from './trusted-source';
 import type { SurfaceId } from './trusted-source-config';
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ export type Inbound = {
 	resource: ProtectedResourceRef;
 	/** A trigger's selected source narrows the set of sources accepted on the surface. */
 	acceptedSourceIds?: string[];
+	/** What the resource hands out to a caller. Absent when the resource issues no grant. */
+	grant?: ResourceGrant;
 	request: {
 		method: string;
 		url: string;
@@ -47,11 +49,24 @@ export type RejectReason =
 	| 'audience-mismatch'
 	| 'not-an-access-token'
 	| 'unknown-subject'
+	| 'user-disabled'
 	| 'binding-inactive'
 	| 'link-refused'
 	| 'provision-refused'
 	| 'no-role';
 
+/** The caller as the trusted source describes it, before n8n looks for a matching user. */
+export type ExternalIdentity = {
+	subject: string;
+	email?: string;
+	emailVerified?: boolean;
+	displayName?: string;
+	clientId?: string;
+	scopes: string[];
+	assurance?: { acr?: string; amr?: string[]; authTime?: Date };
+	raw: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
+};
+
 export type Reject = { ok: false; reason: RejectReason; detail?: string };
 export type Ok<T> = { ok: true; value: T };
 export type Result<T> = Ok<T> | Reject;
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/__tests__/external-identity.test.ts b/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/__tests__/external-identity.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..91a8ab1d3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/__tests__/external-identity.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@n8n/backend-common';
+import {
+	ClaimMappingSchema,
+	type ClaimMapping,
+	type ExternalIdentity,
+	type Result,
+} from '@n8n/inbound-auth';
+import { mock } from 'vitest-mock-extended';
+
+import { translateClaims } from '../identity/external-identity';
+
+const logger = mock<Logger>();
+
+/** RFC 9068 claim names: sub, email, email_verified, name, client_id, scope. */
+const DEFAULT_MAPPING = ClaimMappingSchema.parse({});
+
+/** Microsoft Entra: stable id in `oid`, email in one of two claims, scopes as an array in `scp`. */
+const ENTRA_MAPPING = ClaimMappingSchema.parse({
+	subject: 'oid',
+	email: '={{ $claims.email ?? $claims.preferred_username }}',
+	emailVerified: 'xms_edov',
+	clientId: 'azp',
+	scopes: 'scp',
+});
+
+function translate(claims: Record<string, unknown>, mapping: ClaimMapping = DEFAULT_MAPPING) {
+	return translateClaims(claims, mapping, logger);
+}
+
+function expectOk(result: Result<ExternalIdentity>): ExternalIdentity {
+	expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+	if (!result.ok) throw new Error(`rejected: ${result.reason}`);
+	return result.value;
+}
+
+describe('translateClaims', () => {
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		vi.clearAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	describe('mapping', () => {
+		it('reads the RFC 9068 claims with the default mapping', () => {
+			const claims = {
+				sub: 'user-1',
+				email: 'Ada@Example.com',
+				email_verified: true,
+				name: 'Ada Lovelace',
+				client_id: 'client-a',
+				scope: 'read write read',
+			};
+
+			const identity = expectOk(translate(claims));
+
+			expect(identity).toEqual({
+				subject: 'user-1',
+				email: 'ada@example.com',
+				emailVerified: true,
+				displayName: 'Ada Lovelace',
+				clientId: 'client-a',
+				scopes: ['read', 'write'],
+				raw: claims,
+			});
+			expect(identity.assurance).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('reads Entra claims with an array scope and the preferred_username fallback', () => {
+			const claims = {
+				oid: 'oid-1',
+				preferred_username: 'Ada@Contoso.com',
+				xms_edov: 'true',
+				azp: 'app-1',
+				scp: ['Mail.Read', 'Mail.Read', 'User.Read'],
+			};
+
+			const identity = expectOk(translate(claims, ENTRA_MAPPING));
+
+			expect(identity).toEqual({
+				subject: 'oid-1',
+				email: 'ada@contoso.com',
+				emailVerified: true,
+				clientId: 'app-1',
+				scopes: ['Mail.Read', 'User.Read'],
+				raw: claims,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('prefers the first operand of the ?? fallback when that claim is present', () => {
+			const claims = { oid: 'oid-1', email: 'Ada@Example.com', preferred_username: 'other' };
+
+			expect(expectOk(translate(claims, ENTRA_MAPPING)).email).toBe('ada@example.com');
+		});
+
+		it('joins several claims in a displayName expression', () => {
+			const mapping = ClaimMappingSchema.parse({
+				displayName: '={{ $claims.given_name }} {{ $claims.family_name }}',
+			});
+			const claims = { sub: 'user-1', given_name: 'Ada', family_name: 'Lovelace' };
+
+			expect(expectOk(translate(claims, mapping)).displayName).toBe('Ada Lovelace');
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			['undefined', '={{ $claims.missing }}', {}],
+			['an empty string', '={{ $claims.empty }}', { empty: '' }],
+			['a number', '={{ $claims.n }}', { n: 42 }],
+			['a thrown error', '={{ $claims.x.y.z }}', {}],
+		])(
+			'leaves the attribute absent and logs at debug when an expression yields %s',
+			(_label, displayName, extraClaims) => {
+				const mapping = ClaimMappingSchema.parse({ displayName });
+
+				const result = translate({ sub: 'user-1', ...extraClaims }, mapping);
+
+				expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+				expect(expectOk(result).displayName).toBeUndefined();
+				expect(logger.debug).toHaveBeenCalled();
+			},
+		);
+
+		it('reads a plain claim name with own-property semantics, not the prototype chain', () => {
+			const mapping = ClaimMappingSchema.parse({ displayName: 'constructor' });
+
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'user-1' }, mapping)).displayName).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('leaves the attribute absent when the plain claim is not a string', () => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'user-1', name: 7 })).displayName).toBeUndefined();
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'user-1', name: '' })).displayName).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('subject', () => {
+		it.each([
+			['the claim is missing', { email: 'a@example.com' }],
+			['the claim is not a string', { sub: 42 }],
+			['the claim is an empty string', { sub: '' }],
+		])('rejects with unknown-subject when %s', (_label, claims) => {
+			expect(translate(claims)).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: 'unknown-subject' });
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('email', () => {
+		it('lowercases the email', () => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', email: 'Ada.L@EXAMPLE.org' })).email).toBe(
+				'ada.l@example.org',
+			);
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			[true, true],
+			['true', true],
+			[false, false],
+			['false', false],
+			['yes', undefined],
+			['TRUE', undefined],
+			[1, undefined],
+			[undefined, undefined],
+		])('maps email_verified %j to %j', (email_verified, expected) => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', email_verified })).emailVerified).toBe(expected);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('scopes', () => {
+		it.each([
+			['a space-separated string with a duplicate', 'a b  a', ['a', 'b']],
+			['an array with a duplicate', ['a', 'a', 'b'], ['a', 'b']],
+			['an array with a non-string entry', ['a', 3], []],
+			['an array with an empty string', ['a', ''], []],
+			['an absent claim', undefined, []],
+			['an empty string', '', []],
+		])('yields %s as %j', (_label, scope, expected) => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', scope })).scopes).toEqual(expected);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('assurance', () => {
+		it('is undefined when no assurance claim is present', () => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u' })).assurance).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('reads acr as a non-empty string', () => {
+			const identity = expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', acr: 'urn:mace:incommon:iap:silver' }));
+
+			expect(identity.assurance).toEqual({ acr: 'urn:mace:incommon:iap:silver' });
+		});
+
+		it('keeps only the string entries of amr', () => {
+			const identity = expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', amr: ['pwd', 7, 'mfa'] }));
+
+			expect(identity.assurance).toEqual({ amr: ['pwd', 'mfa'] });
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			['a number of seconds', 1700000000],
+			['a numeric string of seconds', '1700000000'],
+		])('reads auth_time given as %s into a Date', (_label, auth_time) => {
+			const identity = expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', auth_time }));
+
+			expect(identity.assurance?.authTime).toEqual(new Date(1700000000 * 1000));
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			['negative', -5],
+			['zero', 0],
+			['not numeric', 'yesterday'],
+			['an empty string', ''],
+			['beyond the Date range', 1e300],
+		])('leaves authTime absent when auth_time is %s', (_label, auth_time) => {
+			expect(expectOk(translate({ sub: 'u', auth_time })).assurance?.authTime).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('keeps the input claims object as raw', () => {
+		const claims = { sub: 'u', extra: { nested: true } };
+
+		expect(expectOk(translate(claims)).raw).toBe(claims);
+	});
+});
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/identity/external-identity.ts b/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/identity/external-identity.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..96d74fcac42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/src/modules/inbound-auth-core/identity/external-identity.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@n8n/backend-common';
+import type { ClaimMapping, ExternalIdentity, Result } from '@n8n/inbound-auth';
+import { Expression } from 'n8n-workflow';
+
+function readClaim(
+	claims: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>,
+	source: string,
+	logger: Logger,
+): unknown {
+	if (!source.startsWith('=')) {
+		return Object.hasOwn(claims, source) ? claims[source] : undefined;
+	}
+	const expression = source.slice(1);
+	try {
+		const value = Expression.resolveWithoutWorkflow(expression, {
+			$claims: claims,
+		});
+		const usable = typeof value === 'string' ? value.trim() !== '' : Array.isArray(value);
+		if (!usable) logger.debug('Claim mapping expression yielded no usable value', { source });
+		return value;
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.debug('Claim mapping expression failed', { source, error });
+		return undefined;
+	}
+}
+
+function nonEmptyStringExact(value: unknown): string | undefined {
+	return typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== '' ? value : undefined;
+}
+
+function nonEmptyString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
+	return nonEmptyStringExact(value)?.trim();
+}
+
+function toScopes(value: unknown): string[] {
+	const parts =
+		typeof value === 'string'
+			? value.split(/\s+/).map((scope) => scope.trim())
+			: Array.isArray(value) && value.every((v) => typeof v === 'string' && v.trim() !== '')
+				? value
+				: [];
+	return [...new Set(parts.filter((scope) => scope !== ''))];
+}
+
+function toVerified(value: unknown): boolean | undefined {
+	if (value === true || value === 'true') return true;
+	if (value === false || value === 'false') return false;
+	return undefined;
+}
+
+function toAuthTime(value: unknown): Date | undefined {
+	const seconds =
+		typeof value === 'number'
+			? value
+			: typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== ''
+				? Number(value)
+				: NaN;
+
+	if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds <= 0) return undefined;
+	// A large finite value overflows the Date range and yields an Invalid Date.
+	const date = new Date(seconds * 1000);
+	return Number.isNaN(date.getTime()) ? undefined : date;
+}
+
+export function translateClaims(
+	claims: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>,
+	mapping: ClaimMapping,
+	logger: Logger,
+): Result<ExternalIdentity> {
+	const subject = nonEmptyStringExact(
+		Object.hasOwn(claims, mapping.subject) ? claims[mapping.subject] : undefined,
+	);
+	if (subject === undefined) {
+		return {
+			ok: false,
+			reason: 'unknown-subject',
+		};
+	}
+
+	const read = (source: string) => readClaim(claims, source, logger);
+	const email = nonEmptyString(read(mapping.email))?.toLowerCase();
+
+	const acr = nonEmptyString(claims['acr']);
+	const amr = Array.isArray(claims['amr'])
+		? claims['amr'].filter((v): v is string => typeof v === 'string')
+		: undefined;
+	const authTime = toAuthTime(claims['auth_time']);
+
+	const assurance = acr || amr || authTime ? { acr, amr, authTime } : undefined;
+
+	return {
+		ok: true,
+		value: {
+			subject,
+			email,
+			emailVerified: toVerified(read(mapping.emailVerified)),
+			displayName: nonEmptyString(read(mapping.displayName)),
+			clientId: nonEmptyString(read(mapping.clientId)),
+			scopes: toScopes(read(mapping.scopes)),
+			assurance,
+			raw: claims,
+		},
+	};
+}