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Differential signaling is a technique for high-speed protocols to be more resilient to noise. At the transmit side we have a positive and a negative signal which are mirror images of each other. At the receiver, if we subtract the negative signal (say of amplitude -A) from the positive signal (say +A), we recover the original single-ended signal at twice its original amplitude. But any noise, like one coming from EMI from outside sources, is supposed to have an almost equal impact upon the positive (A + E, E being for "error") and negative signal (-A + E). So (A + E) - (-A + E) eliminates this noise, and this is what makes differential signaling useful. Except that in order to work, there must be strict requirements observed during PCB design and layout, like the signal traces needing to have the same length and be physically close to each other, and many others. Sometimes it is not easy to fulfill all these requirements, a simple case to understand is when on chip A's pins, the positive pin is on the left and the negative is on the right, but on the chip B's pins (with which A tries to communicate), positive is on the right and negative on the left. The signals would need to cross, using vias and other ugly stuff that affects signal integrity (introduces impedance discontinuities which cause reflections, etc). So sometimes, board designers intentionally connect differential lanes the wrong way, and expect somebody else to invert that signal to recover useful data. This is where RX and TX polarity inversion comes in as a generic concept that applies to any high-speed serial protocol as long as it uses differential signaling. I've stopped two attempts to introduce more vendor-specific descriptions of this only in the past month: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-phy/20251110110536.2596490-1-horatiu.vultur@microchip.com/ https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20251028000959.3kiac5kwo5pcl4ft@skbuf/ and in the kernel we already have merged: - "st,px_rx_pol_inv" - "st,pcie-tx-pol-inv" - "st,sata-tx-pol-inv" - "mediatek,pnswap" - "airoha,pnswap-rx" - "airoha,pnswap-tx" and maybe more. So it is pretty general. One additional element of complexity is introduced by the fact that for some protocols, receivers can automatically detect and correct for an inverted lane polarity (example: the PCIe LTSSM does this in the Polling.Configuration state; the USB 3.1 Link Layer Test Specification says that the detection and correction of the lane polarity inversion in SuperSpeed operation shall be enabled in Polling.RxEQ.). Whereas for other protocols (SGMII, SATA, 10GBase-R, etc etc), the polarity is all manual and there is no detection mechanism mandated by their respective standards. So why would one even describe rx-polarity and tx-polarity for protocols like PCIe, if it had to always be PHY_POL_AUTO? Related question: why would we define the polarity as an array per protocol? Isn't the physical PCB layout protocol-agnostic, and aren't we describing the same physical reality from the lens of different protocols? The answer to both questions is because multi-protocol PHYs exist (supporting e.g. USB2 and USB3, or SATA and PCIe, or PCIe and Ethernet over the same lane), one would need to manually set the polarity for SATA/Ethernet, while leaving it at auto for PCIe/USB 3.0+. I also investigated from another angle: what if polarity inversion in the PHY is one layer, and then the PCIe/USB3 LTSSM polarity detection is another layer on top? Then rx-polarity = <PHY_POL_AUTO> doesn't make sense, it can still be rx-polarity = <PHY_POL_NORMAL> or <PHY_POL_INVERT>, and the link training state machine figures things out on top of that. This would radically simplify the design, as the elimination of PHY_POL_AUTO inherently means that the need for a property array per protocol also goes away. I don't know how things are in the general case, but at least in the 10G and 28G Lynx SerDes blocks from NXP Layerscape devices, this isn't the case, and there's only a single level of RX polarity inversion: in the SerDes lane. In the case of PCIe, the controller is in charge of driving the RDAT_INV bit autonomously, and it is read-only to software. So the existence of this kind of SerDes lane proves the need for PHY_POL_AUTO to be a third state. Signed-off-by: Vladimir Oltean <vladimir.oltean@nxp.com> Reviewed-by: Rob Herring (Arm) <robh@kernel.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260111093940.975359-5-vladimir.oltean@nxp.com Signed-off-by: Vinod Koul <vkoul@kernel.org> |
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Linux kernel ============ The Linux kernel is the core of any Linux operating system. It manages hardware, system resources, and provides the fundamental services for all other software. Quick Start ----------- * Report a bug: See Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst * Get the latest kernel: https://kernel.org * Build the kernel: See Documentation/admin-guide/quickly-build-trimmed-linux.rst * Join the community: https://lore.kernel.org/ Essential Documentation ----------------------- All users should be familiar with: * Building requirements: Documentation/process/changes.rst * Code of Conduct: Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst * License: See COPYING Documentation can be built with make htmldocs or viewed online at: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/ Who Are You? ============ Find your role below: * New Kernel Developer - Getting started with kernel development * Academic Researcher - Studying kernel internals and architecture * Security Expert - Hardening and vulnerability analysis * Backport/Maintenance Engineer - Maintaining stable kernels * System Administrator - Configuring and troubleshooting * Maintainer - Leading subsystems and reviewing patches * Hardware Vendor - Writing drivers for new hardware * Distribution Maintainer - Packaging kernels for distros For Specific Users ================== New Kernel Developer -------------------- Welcome! Start your kernel development journey here: * Getting Started: Documentation/process/development-process.rst * Your First Patch: Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst * Coding Style: Documentation/process/coding-style.rst * Build System: Documentation/kbuild/index.rst * Development Tools: Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst * Kernel Hacking Guide: Documentation/kernel-hacking/hacking.rst * Core APIs: Documentation/core-api/index.rst Academic Researcher ------------------- Explore the kernel's architecture and internals: * Researcher Guidelines: Documentation/process/researcher-guidelines.rst * Memory Management: Documentation/mm/index.rst * Scheduler: Documentation/scheduler/index.rst * Networking Stack: Documentation/networking/index.rst * Filesystems: Documentation/filesystems/index.rst * RCU (Read-Copy Update): Documentation/RCU/index.rst * Locking Primitives: Documentation/locking/index.rst * Power Management: Documentation/power/index.rst Security Expert --------------- Security documentation and hardening guides: * Security Documentation: Documentation/security/index.rst * LSM Development: Documentation/security/lsm-development.rst * Self Protection: Documentation/security/self-protection.rst * Reporting Vulnerabilities: Documentation/process/security-bugs.rst * CVE Procedures: Documentation/process/cve.rst * Embargoed Hardware Issues: Documentation/process/embargoed-hardware-issues.rst * Security Features: Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst Backport/Maintenance Engineer ----------------------------- Maintain and stabilize kernel versions: * Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst * Backporting Guide: Documentation/process/backporting.rst * Applying Patches: Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst * Subsystem Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst * Git for Maintainers: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst System Administrator -------------------- Configure, tune, and troubleshoot Linux systems: * Admin Guide: Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst * Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst * Sysctl Tuning: Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst * Tracing/Debugging: Documentation/trace/index.rst * Performance Security: Documentation/admin-guide/perf-security.rst * Hardware Monitoring: Documentation/hwmon/index.rst Maintainer ---------- Lead kernel subsystems and manage contributions: * Maintainer Handbook: Documentation/maintainer/index.rst * Pull Requests: Documentation/maintainer/pull-requests.rst * Managing Patches: Documentation/maintainer/modifying-patches.rst * Rebasing and Merging: Documentation/maintainer/rebasing-and-merging.rst * Development Process: Documentation/process/maintainer-handbooks.rst * Maintainer Entry Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst * Git Configuration: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst Hardware Vendor --------------- Write drivers and support new hardware: * Driver API Guide: Documentation/driver-api/index.rst * Driver Model: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst * Device Drivers: Documentation/driver-api/infrastructure.rst * Bus Types: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst * Device Tree Bindings: Documentation/devicetree/bindings/ * Power Management: Documentation/driver-api/pm/index.rst * DMA API: Documentation/core-api/dma-api.rst Distribution Maintainer ----------------------- Package and distribute the kernel: * Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst * ABI Documentation: Documentation/ABI/README * Kernel Configuration: Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst * Module Signing: Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst * Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst * Tainted Kernels: Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst Communication and Support ========================= * Mailing Lists: https://lore.kernel.org/ * IRC: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net * Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/ * MAINTAINERS file: Lists subsystem maintainers and mailing lists * Email Clients: Documentation/process/email-clients.rst