ext4: use fsdata to track inline data write state and fix race

Instead of checking the live inode state (ext4_has_inline_data(inode)
and ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA)) in the
write_end handlers, use the fsdata parameter of the address space
operations to explicitly pass down the state in which write_begin
prepared the write.

A concurrent thread (such as ext4_page_mkwrite()) can convert the
inline data to an extent between write_begin and write_end. If this
happens, the write_end handlers would previously miss the inline
write_end path and fall through to extent-based write_end logic.
However, since block buffers were never allocated in write_begin,
this resulted in NULL pointer dereferences or data loss because
folio_buffers(folio) was NULL.

Define EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE (4) as a bit flag (Bit 2), treating
fsdata as bitwise flags rather than mutually exclusive enums to keep
states of the write path independent. Communicate this state via
fsdata:
1) ext4_write_begin() and ext4_da_write_begin() set the
   EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE bit in *fsdata via bitwise OR when an inline
   write is successfully prepared.
2) On entry, ext4_write_begin() clears the EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE bit
   to safely handle VFS retries (where generic_perform_write() bypasses
   the fsdata initialization on its retry jump).
3) The write_end handlers perform a bitwise AND to check if the
   EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE bit is set and invoke the inline write_end
   helper accordingly.

Furthermore, during a buffered write, ext4_write_inline_data_end()
acquires the xattr lock after preparing the write. If a concurrent
page fault (ext4_page_mkwrite()) converts the inline data to an extent
after the write_end handlers check the state but before
ext4_write_inline_data_end() acquires the xattr write lock, the
subsequent check will trigger a kernel panic via
BUG_ON(!ext4_has_inline_data(inode)).

To keep git history working and bisectability clean, replace the
BUG_ON check in ext4_write_inline_data_end() with a graceful error-
handling retry path in this same commit. If the inline data is cleared
after locking the xattr, we safely release all resources (releasing
iloc.bh, unlocking/putting the folio, stopping the active journal
transaction handle) and return 0 (VFS retry) to let the generic write
path retry the operation safely.

Reported-by: syzbot+0c89d865531d053abb2d@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=0c89d865531d053abb2d
Fixes: 3fdcfb668f ("ext4: add journalled write support for inline data")
Suggested-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Aditya Prakash Srivastava <aditya.ansh182@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260703045414.1768-1-aditya.ansh182@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>

fs/ext4/ext4.h

@@ -3138,6 +3138,7 @@ int do_journal_get_write_access(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
 void ext4_set_inode_mapping_order(struct inode *inode);
 #define FALL_BACK_TO_NONDELALLOC 1
 #define CONVERT_INLINE_DATA	 2
+#define EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE	 4
 
 typedef enum {
 	EXT4_IGET_NORMAL =	0,

fs/ext4/inline.c

@@ -812,7 +812,19 @@ int ext4_write_inline_data_end(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos, unsigned len,
 			goto out;
 		}
 		ext4_write_lock_xattr(inode, &no_expand);
-		BUG_ON(!ext4_has_inline_data(inode));
+		/*
+		 * We could have raced with ext4_page_mkwrite() converting
+		 * the inode and clearing the inline data flag, so we just
+		 * release resources and retry the whole write.
+		 */
+		if (unlikely(!ext4_has_inline_data(inode))) {
+			ext4_write_unlock_xattr(inode, &no_expand);
+			brelse(iloc.bh);
+			folio_unlock(folio);
+			folio_put(folio);
+			ext4_journal_stop(handle);
+			return 0;
+		}
 
 		/*
 		 * ei->i_inline_off may have changed since

fs/ext4/inode.c

@@ -1304,6 +1304,8 @@ static int ext4_write_begin(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 	if (unlikely(ret))
 		return ret;
 
+	*fsdata = (void *)((unsigned long)*fsdata & ~EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE);
+
 	trace_ext4_write_begin(inode, pos, len);
 	/*
 	 * Reserve one block more for addition to orphan list in case
@@ -1318,8 +1320,10 @@ static int ext4_write_begin(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 						    foliop);
 		if (ret < 0)
 			return ret;
-		if (ret == 1)
+		if (ret == 1) {
+			*fsdata = (void *)((unsigned long)*fsdata | EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE);
 			return 0;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1452,8 +1456,7 @@ static int ext4_write_end(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 
 	trace_ext4_write_end(inode, pos, len, copied);
 
-	if (ext4_has_inline_data(inode) &&
-	    ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA))
+	if ((unsigned long)fsdata & EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE)
 		return ext4_write_inline_data_end(inode, pos, len, copied,
 						  folio);
 
@@ -1562,8 +1565,7 @@ static int ext4_journalled_write_end(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 
 	BUG_ON(!ext4_handle_valid(handle));
 
-	if (ext4_has_inline_data(inode) &&
-	    ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA))
+	if ((unsigned long)fsdata & EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE)
 		return ext4_write_inline_data_end(inode, pos, len, copied,
 						  folio);
 
@@ -3175,8 +3177,10 @@ static int ext4_da_write_begin(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 						     foliop, fsdata, true);
 		if (ret < 0)
 			return ret;
-		if (ret == 1)
+		if (ret == 1) {
+			*fsdata = (void *)((unsigned long)*fsdata | EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE);
 			return 0;
+		}
 	}
 
 retry:
@@ -3305,17 +3309,15 @@ static int ext4_da_write_end(const struct kiocb *iocb,
 			     struct folio *folio, void *fsdata)
 {
 	struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
-	int write_mode = (int)(unsigned long)fsdata;
+	unsigned long write_mode = (unsigned long)fsdata;
 
-	if (write_mode == FALL_BACK_TO_NONDELALLOC)
+	if (write_mode & FALL_BACK_TO_NONDELALLOC)
 		return ext4_write_end(iocb, mapping, pos,
 				      len, copied, folio, fsdata);
 
 	trace_ext4_da_write_end(inode, pos, len, copied);
 
-	if (write_mode != CONVERT_INLINE_DATA &&
-	    ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA) &&
-	    ext4_has_inline_data(inode))
+	if (write_mode & EXT4_WRITE_DATA_INLINE)
 		return ext4_write_inline_data_end(inode, pos, len, copied,
 						  folio);