diff --git a/include/net/xfrm.h b/include/net/xfrm.h
index 519a0156a05c..a6d69aaa6cd2 100644
--- a/include/net/xfrm.h
+++ b/include/net/xfrm.h
@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@ struct xfrm_dev_offload {
 	 */
 	struct net_device	*real_dev;
 	unsigned long		offload_handle;
+	/* Snapshot the attached device index for dump paths. */
+	int			ifindex;
 	u8			dir : 2;
 	u8			type : 2;
 	u8			flags : 2;
diff --git a/net/core/dev.c b/net/core/dev.c
index 4b3d5cfdf6e0..5933c5dab09e 100644
--- a/net/core/dev.c
+++ b/net/core/dev.c
@@ -4018,6 +4018,9 @@ static struct sk_buff *validate_xmit_unreadable_skb(struct sk_buff *skb,
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+/* Returns the skb on success, NULL if dropped, or ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS)
+ * if stolen by async xfrm crypto (delivered via xfrm_dev_resume()).
+ */
 static struct sk_buff *validate_xmit_skb(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev, bool *again)
 {
 	netdev_features_t features;
@@ -4089,7 +4092,7 @@ struct sk_buff *validate_xmit_skb_list(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *d
 		skb->prev = skb;
 
 		skb = validate_xmit_skb(skb, dev, again);
-		if (!skb)
+		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(skb))
 			continue;
 
 		if (!head)
@@ -4860,8 +4863,11 @@ int __dev_queue_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *sb_dev)
 			goto recursion_alert;
 
 		skb = validate_xmit_skb(skb, dev, &again);
-		if (!skb)
+		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(skb)) {
+			if (PTR_ERR(skb) == -EINPROGRESS)
+				rc = NET_XMIT_SUCCESS;
 			goto out;
+		}
 
 		HARD_TX_LOCK(dev, txq, cpu);
 
diff --git a/net/ipv6/xfrm6_policy.c b/net/ipv6/xfrm6_policy.c
index 125ea9a5b8a0..3b749475f6ed 100644
--- a/net/ipv6/xfrm6_policy.c
+++ b/net/ipv6/xfrm6_policy.c
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ static int xfrm6_fill_dst(struct xfrm_dst *xdst, struct net_device *dev,
 	xdst->u.rt6.rt6i_idev = in6_dev_get(dev);
 	if (!xdst->u.rt6.rt6i_idev) {
 		netdev_put(dev, &xdst->u.dst.dev_tracker);
+		xdst->u.dst.dev = NULL;
 		return -ENODEV;
 	}
 
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_device.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_device.c
index 630f3dd31cc5..f153bf695b9d 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_device.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_device.c
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ struct sk_buff *validate_xmit_xfrm(struct sk_buff *skb, netdev_features_t featur
 		err = x->type_offload->xmit(x, skb, esp_features);
 		if (err) {
 			if (err == -EINPROGRESS)
-				return NULL;
+				return ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS);
 
 			XFRM_INC_STATS(xs_net(x), LINUX_MIB_XFRMOUTSTATEPROTOERROR);
 			kfree_skb(skb);
@@ -224,7 +224,15 @@ struct sk_buff *validate_xmit_xfrm(struct sk_buff *skb, netdev_features_t featur
 		pskb = skb2;
 	}
 
-	return skb;
+	/* skb_gso_segment() set skb->prev to the last segment, but async
+	 * crypto may have stolen it above without updating ->prev.  Repoint
+	 * it at the last retained segment so validate_xmit_skb_list() does
+	 * not chain onto a segment now owned by the crypto engine.
+	 */
+	if (skb)
+		skb->prev = pskb;
+
+	return skb ? skb : ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(validate_xmit_xfrm);
 
@@ -313,6 +321,7 @@ int xfrm_dev_state_add(struct net *net, struct xfrm_state *x,
 	}
 
 	xso->dev = dev;
+	xso->ifindex = dev->ifindex;
 	netdev_tracker_alloc(dev, &xso->dev_tracker, GFP_ATOMIC);
 
 	if (xuo->flags & XFRM_OFFLOAD_INBOUND)
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
index ad810d1f97c0..597aedeac26e 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c
@@ -480,6 +480,7 @@ static int iptfs_skb_add_frags(struct sk_buff *skb,
 		}
 		__skb_frag_ref(tofrag);
 		shinfo->nr_frags++;
+		shinfo->flags |= SKBFL_SHARED_FRAG;
 
 		/* see if we are done */
 		fraglen = tofrag->len;
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_nat_keepalive.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_nat_keepalive.c
index 458931062a04..eb1b6f67739e 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_nat_keepalive.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_nat_keepalive.c
@@ -55,8 +55,10 @@ static int nat_keepalive_send_ipv4(struct sk_buff *skb,
 			   ka->encap_sport, sock_net_uid(net, NULL));
 
 	rt = ip_route_output_key(net, &fl4);
-	if (IS_ERR(rt))
+	if (IS_ERR(rt)) {
+		kfree_skb(skb);
 		return PTR_ERR(rt);
+	}
 
 	skb_dst_set(skb, &rt->dst);
 
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ static int nat_keepalive_send_ipv6(struct sk_buff *skb,
 	dst = ip6_dst_lookup_flow(net, sk, &fl6, NULL);
 	if (IS_ERR(dst)) {
 		local_unlock_nested_bh(&nat_keepalive_sk_ipv6.bh_lock);
+		kfree_skb(skb);
 		return PTR_ERR(dst);
 	}
 
@@ -118,7 +121,6 @@ static void nat_keepalive_send(struct nat_keepalive *ka)
 					sizeof(struct ipv6hdr)) +
 				    sizeof(struct udphdr);
 	const u8 nat_ka_payload = 0xFF;
-	int err = -EAFNOSUPPORT;
 	struct sk_buff *skb;
 	struct udphdr *uh;
 
@@ -140,16 +142,17 @@ static void nat_keepalive_send(struct nat_keepalive *ka)
 
 	switch (ka->family) {
 	case AF_INET:
-		err = nat_keepalive_send_ipv4(skb, ka);
+		nat_keepalive_send_ipv4(skb, ka);
 		break;
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IPV6)
 	case AF_INET6:
-		err = nat_keepalive_send_ipv6(skb, ka, uh);
+		nat_keepalive_send_ipv6(skb, ka, uh);
 		break;
 #endif
-	}
-	if (err)
+	default:
 		kfree_skb(skb);
+		break;
+	}
 }
 
 struct nat_keepalive_work_ctx {
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_policy.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_policy.c
index 7ef861a0e823..932a313b9460 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_policy.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_policy.c
@@ -1329,8 +1329,8 @@ static void xfrm_hash_rebuild(struct work_struct *work)
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (policy->selector.prefixlen_d < dbits ||
-		    policy->selector.prefixlen_s < sbits)
+		if (policy->selector.prefixlen_d >= dbits &&
+		    policy->selector.prefixlen_s >= sbits)
 			continue;
 
 		bin = xfrm_policy_inexact_alloc_bin(policy, dir);
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c
index c58cd024e3c6..36a4f6793ede 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c
@@ -1547,6 +1547,7 @@ xfrm_state_find(const xfrm_address_t *daddr, const xfrm_address_t *saddr,
 			xso->type = XFRM_DEV_OFFLOAD_PACKET;
 			xso->dir = xdo->dir;
 			xso->dev = dev;
+			xso->ifindex = dev->ifindex;
 			xso->flags = XFRM_DEV_OFFLOAD_FLAG_ACQ;
 			netdev_hold(dev, &xso->dev_tracker, GFP_ATOMIC);
 			error = dev->xfrmdev_ops->xdo_dev_state_add(dev, x,
@@ -2071,8 +2072,11 @@ static struct xfrm_state *xfrm_state_clone_and_setup(struct xfrm_state *orig,
 
 	x->mode_cbs = orig->mode_cbs;
 	if (x->mode_cbs && x->mode_cbs->clone_state) {
-		if (x->mode_cbs->clone_state(x, orig))
+		if (x->mode_cbs->clone_state(x, orig)) {
+			if (!x->mode_data)
+				x->mode_cbs = NULL;
 			goto error;
+		}
 	}
 
 	x->props.reqid = m->new_reqid;
@@ -3010,7 +3014,7 @@ int xfrm_user_policy(struct sock *sk, int optname, sockptr_t optval, int optlen)
 	if (sockptr_is_null(optval) && !optlen) {
 		xfrm_sk_policy_insert(sk, XFRM_POLICY_IN, NULL);
 		xfrm_sk_policy_insert(sk, XFRM_POLICY_OUT, NULL);
-		__sk_dst_reset(sk);
+		sk_dst_reset(sk);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -3050,7 +3054,7 @@ int xfrm_user_policy(struct sock *sk, int optname, sockptr_t optval, int optlen)
 	if (err >= 0) {
 		xfrm_sk_policy_insert(sk, err, pol);
 		xfrm_pol_put(pol);
-		__sk_dst_reset(sk);
+		sk_dst_reset(sk);
 		err = 0;
 	}
 
@@ -3291,6 +3295,8 @@ int __xfrm_init_state(struct xfrm_state *x, struct netlink_ext_ack *extack)
 		if (x->mode_cbs->init_state)
 			err = x->mode_cbs->init_state(x);
 		module_put(x->mode_cbs->owner);
+		if (err && !x->mode_data)
+			x->mode_cbs = NULL;
 	}
 error:
 	return err;
diff --git a/net/xfrm/xfrm_user.c b/net/xfrm/xfrm_user.c
index 6384795ee6b2..d6db63304ba6 100644
--- a/net/xfrm/xfrm_user.c
+++ b/net/xfrm/xfrm_user.c
@@ -1201,17 +1201,26 @@ static int copy_sec_ctx(struct xfrm_sec_ctx *s, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void xso_to_xuo(const struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso,
-		       struct xfrm_user_offload *xuo)
+static void xso_to_xuo_ifindex(const struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso, int ifindex,
+			       struct xfrm_user_offload *xuo)
 {
-	xuo->ifindex = xso->dev->ifindex;
+	xuo->ifindex = ifindex;
 	if (xso->dir == XFRM_DEV_OFFLOAD_IN)
 		xuo->flags = XFRM_OFFLOAD_INBOUND;
 	if (xso->type == XFRM_DEV_OFFLOAD_PACKET)
 		xuo->flags |= XFRM_OFFLOAD_PACKET;
 }
 
-static int copy_user_offload(struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso, struct sk_buff *skb)
+#ifdef CONFIG_XFRM_MIGRATE
+static void xso_to_xuo(const struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso,
+		       struct xfrm_user_offload *xuo)
+{
+	xso_to_xuo_ifindex(xso, xso->dev->ifindex, xuo);
+}
+#endif
+
+static int copy_user_offload_ifindex(const struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso,
+				     int ifindex, struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
 	struct xfrm_user_offload *xuo;
 	struct nlattr *attr;
@@ -1222,11 +1231,22 @@ static int copy_user_offload(struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso, struct sk_buff *skb)
 
 	xuo = nla_data(attr);
 	memset(xuo, 0, sizeof(*xuo));
-	xso_to_xuo(xso, xuo);
+	xso_to_xuo_ifindex(xso, ifindex, xuo);
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int copy_user_offload(struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso, struct sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	return copy_user_offload_ifindex(xso, xso->dev->ifindex, skb);
+}
+
+static int copy_user_state_offload(const struct xfrm_dev_offload *xso,
+				   struct sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	return copy_user_offload_ifindex(xso, READ_ONCE(xso->ifindex), skb);
+}
+
 static bool xfrm_redact(void)
 {
 	return IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SECURITY) &&
@@ -1433,8 +1453,8 @@ static int copy_to_user_state_extra(struct xfrm_state *x,
 			      &x->replay);
 	if (ret)
 		goto out;
-	if(x->xso.dev)
-		ret = copy_user_offload(&x->xso, skb);
+	if (READ_ONCE(x->xso.dev))
+		ret = copy_user_state_offload(&x->xso, skb);
 	if (ret)
 		goto out;
 	if (x->if_id) {
@@ -2104,13 +2124,12 @@ static int validate_tmpl(int nr, struct xfrm_user_tmpl *ut, u16 family,
 		switch (ut[i].mode) {
 		case XFRM_MODE_TUNNEL:
 		case XFRM_MODE_BEET:
+		case XFRM_MODE_IPTFS:
 			if (ut[i].optional && dir == XFRM_POLICY_OUT) {
 				NL_SET_ERR_MSG(extack, "Mode in optional template not allowed in outbound policy");
 				return -EINVAL;
 			}
 			break;
-		case XFRM_MODE_IPTFS:
-			break;
 		default:
 			if (ut[i].family != prev_family) {
 				NL_SET_ERR_MSG(extack, "Mode in template doesn't support a family change");
@@ -4046,8 +4065,8 @@ static inline unsigned int xfrm_sa_len(struct xfrm_state *x)
 		l += nla_total_size(sizeof(*x->coaddr));
 	if (x->props.extra_flags)
 		l += nla_total_size(sizeof(x->props.extra_flags));
-	if (x->xso.dev)
-		 l += nla_total_size(sizeof(struct xfrm_user_offload));
+	if (READ_ONCE(x->xso.dev))
+		l += nla_total_size(sizeof(struct xfrm_user_offload));
 	if (x->props.smark.v | x->props.smark.m) {
 		l += nla_total_size(sizeof(x->props.smark.v));
 		l += nla_total_size(sizeof(x->props.smark.m));